Bookie - 2800 Words

SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION Application for a Social Security Card Applying for a Social Security Card is free! USE THIS APPLICATION TO: ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  Apply for an original Social Security card Apply for a replacement Social Security card Change or correct information on your Social Security number record IMPORTANT: You MUST provide a properly completed application and the required evidence before we can process your application. We can only accept original documents or documents certified by the custodian of the original record. Notarized copies or photocopies which have not been certified by the custodian of the record are not acceptable. We will return any documents submitted with your application. For assistance call us at†¦show more content†¦EVIDENCE DOCUMENTS Evidence of Age In general, you must provide your birth certificate. In some situations, we may accept another document that shows your age. Some of the other documents we may accept are: ââ€"  U.S. hospital record of your birth (created at the time of birth) ââ€"  Religious record established before age five showing your age or date of birth ââ€"  Passport ââ€"  Final Adoption Decree (the adoption decree must show that the birth information was taken from the original birth certificate) You must provide current, unexpired evidence of identity in your legal name. Your legal name will be shown on the Social Security card. Generally, we prefer to see documents issued in the U.S. Documents you submit to establish identity must show your legal name AND provide biographical information (your date of birth, age, or parents names) and/or physical information (photograph, or physical description - height, eye and hair color, etc.). If you send a photo identity document but do not appear in person, t he document must show your biographical information (e.g., your date of birth, age, or parents names). Generally, documents without an expiration date should have been issued within the past two years for adults and within the past four years for children. As proof of your identity, you must provide a: ââ€"  U.S. drivers license; or ââ€"  U.S. State-issued non-driver identity card; or ââ€"  U.S.Show MoreRelatedHISTORY OF MATCH FIXING IN INDIA The start to the new millennium was not very auspicious for the900 Words   |  4 PagesAustralian cricket were guilty of supplying information about team selection, weather and pitch to an Indian bookmaker in 1994. They were let off easily because of lack of evidence against them. In 2000, the Delhi Police intercepted a call between a bookie and the South African captain, Hansie Cronje, which is reckoned as the beginning of a storm that swept the very soul of international cricketThree other South African players players, Pieter Strydom, Herschelle Gibbs and Nicky Boje also came underRead MoreThe Chamberlain Kahn Act And Its Effect On Society889 Words   |  4 Pagesorganized criminals as the exploitation, extortion, and human trafficking associated with prostitution increased due to these new laws. As a result, someone looking for a prostitute at that time generally contacted a â€Å"bookie,† or what someone would today call a pimp. The term bookie is now associated with gambling, but then the term was used for someone who booked appointments for prostitutes. Those bookies were often connected to the mafia and thus gangsters such as Al Capone and Bugsy Siegel madeRead MoreEssay about The Killers by Ernest Hemingway968 Words   |  4 PagesHemingways view of the big city in the late 1920s. During the era of prohibition whoever controlled the flow of alcohol controlled the city. Unfortunately, the police were powerless against man thirst for booze. The Mafia also expanded into the bookie field, and if someone didnt pay up or double crossed the Mafia they were taken out. Hemingway was unfamiliar with this city scene and we can see a very strong correlation between him and one of his characters, Nick Adams. Nick was a newcomer to theRead MoreMichael Clayton Is A Legal Dram a1322 Words   |  6 Pagesclean up legal messes for the firm’s wealthiest clients like hit run accidents and shoplifting charges. Clayton is in the midst of handling one of the biggest challenges of his career, while also dealing with trying to paying off money he owes a bookie and trying to be a good father. Clayton is shown to have a moral conflict when he is directed to keep Arthur Edens quiet. Eden is the firm’s most knowledgeable and senior litigator who is handling a big case for KBL, in representing U-North, oneRead MoreCorporate Credit And Risk Management842 Words   |  4 Pagesneed to get even action on both sides of the bet, just like a bookmaker; but, on Wall Street they are known as â€Å"market makers.† Luckily, there are some on Capitol Hill who are willing to address these similarities. â€Å"You all are the house, you’re the bookie. (Your clients) are booking their bets with you. I don’t know why we need to dress it up. It’s a bet,† said Sen. Claire McCaskill (D-MO). Warren Buffett, arguably the most respected investor of modern times, warned as early as 2003 that derivativesRead MoreEssay on Al Capone697 Words   |  3 Pagessaloons, and in brothels (â€Å"Gangsters†). Torrio was later shot by a rival gang member and he then decided to leave Chicago. Capone then became the leader of the Chicago Outfit (â€Å"Gangsters†). In the 1930’s, Capone expanded his owning. He controlled bookie joints, distilleries, breweries, horse tracks, race tracks, gambling houses, and nightclubs. His profits were estimated 100,000,000 yearly (â€Å"Gangsters†). Capone was most known for the confrontation that happened on February 14, 1929. This is whenRead MoreCharacters And Significance Of George Orwell s The Great Gatsby 931 Words   |  4 Pagesselling Sambo dolls on the street, and consequently gets shot by a white police officer. Rinehart - a surreal figure who never appears in the book except by reputation. Rinehart possesses a seemingly infinite number of identities, among them pimp, bookie, and preacher who speaks on the subject of â€Å"invisibility.† When the narrator wears dark glasses in Harlem one day, many people mistake him for Rinehart. The narrator realizes that Rinehart’s shape-shifting capacity represents a life of extreme freedomRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide938 Words   |  4 Pagesaway. We are to preserve it at all costs. Whether you are religious or not, the one thing that applies to us all is the unknown. There isn’t a doctor that can definitively say when you’ll die. They can certainly measure the odds like a Las Vegas bookie, but ultimately some will always win against the house. Aunt Wanda was diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor and given six months to live. Five months later, her doctor called telling her of a physician that wanted to try a new procedure. SheRead MoreAmericas Reaction to the Eighteenth Ammendment779 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom Al Capone was The St. Valentine’s Day massacre in which Al Capone ordered multiple hits on gang members, providing a serious threat to civilian safety in Chicago. By 1930 Al Capone had control over every branch of business from speakeasies, bookie joints, gambling houses, brothels to racetracks, nightclubs, distilleries and breweries. In order for Capone to have gained and maintain his power, he had to bribe the police and prohibition agents, which allowed him to be able to get away with anythingRead MoreEuthanasia, And Physician Assisted Suicide863 Words   |  4 Pages We are to keep it at all costs. (Randall) Whether you are religious or not, the one thing that applies to all is the unknown. There isn’t a doctor that can definitively say when you’ll die. They can certainly measure the odds like a Las Vegas bookie, but ultimately some will always win against the house. Aunt Wanda had an inoperable brain tumor. They gave her six months to live. Five months later, her doctor called telling her of a physician that wanted to try a new procedure. She decided

The Personality Of Antisocial Personality Disorder

Today it is estimated that .6 to 4% of the general population are thought to have antisocial personality. (Thompson, 2014) Antisocial disorder is a personality disorder in which a person may have behavioral deficits or tendencies not accepted as normal by society’s standard. Antisocial personality disorder is sometimes also known as sociopathy. Someone who has this disorder may be called a sociopath. Some behavioral deficits seen in sociopaths include, superficial charm, pathological lying, lack of remorse, shallow emotions, and need for stimulation. (Horley, 2014) Unfortunately, Antisocial Disorder still has many unknowns and is in need of more research. Criminal activity, the lifespan of sociopaths, doctors treatments, and levels of the†¦show more content†¦MacKenzie discusses in her article how psychopaths are generally internally affected and experience psychological difficulties, whereas sociopaths are not as internally affected, most of the time they are only af fected in their relationship with society (2014). To focus further on sociopathic disorder, Dr. Paula MacKenzie discusses this history of the disorder. MacKenzie defines sociopathy as a personality disorder characterized by a lack of social responsibility and failure to adapt to ethical and social standards of the community (Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, Allied Health Dictionary, 2002, p. 1599). After she defines the many personality disorders she discusses in the article, she discusses how much of the research of behavioral disorders began in the 1800’s when mental asylums became popular (2014). The first classification of a disorder similar to sociopathy was â€Å"manie sans delire† or â€Å"insanity without delirium.† Even though psychopathy is the disorder that is said to be genetic, there are significant differences in the biological brains of individuals with sociopathic disorder and those without it. In an article by Blair and Cipolotti, an individual with sociopathic disorder was studied and assessed, and the findings are discussed. When the individual was given a CT scan, an enlarged image of the brain was compared to that of a neuro-typical individual. In the visual comparison, there is a clear difference of theShow MoreRelatedThe Personality Of Antisocial Personality Disorder1003 Words   |  5 PagesAntisocial personality disorder is a disregard for others rights and violating theses rights. This disorder starts as a child to people who carry this disorder portray the characteristics of irritability, aggressiveness, lack of remorse, and irresponsibility. A psychopath falls under the umbrella of antisocial personality disorders. A psychopath is a person with a personality disorders which is inherited from their parents at birth. Flashes of these inherited factors show and happen in the childRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder711 Words   |  3 PagesAntisocial Personality Disorder is a psychological disorder in which an individual’s way of thinking and way of relating to others is dysfunctional and destructive. People with antisocial personality disorder usually have no regard for right and wrong and often disregard the rights and feelings of others (Mayo Clinic 1). They tend to antagonize and manipulate others for pleasure or personal benefit and often violate the law and end up in trouble most of the time, but show no remorse or regret forRead MoreOverview of Antisocial Personality Disorder1160 Words   |  5 PagesCan antisocial personality disorder affect the life of a person with this diagnostic and their family members? In general, personality’s disorders affect the overall social functioning of a person, by eluding and eliminating any type of socialization; moreover, in the case of a chronic mental condition as an antisocial personality disorder the person with this diagnostic ways of thinking, perceiving situations and relating to others are negative and dysfunctional, aff ecting their positive and harmlessRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1556 Words   |  7 Pagespeople believe that antisocial personality disorder is a faà §ade for criminals to receive lesser sentences by being diagnosed with a medical disorder. However, antisocial personality disorder is not just having and being a sociopathic person; it is a constant struggle. Antisocial personality disorder is a rare personality disorder with mental conditions that has short and long-term effects on a patient’s life. This literature review aims to characterize antisocial personality disorder by addressing theRead MoreA Person With Antisocial Personality Disorder1526 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"What kind of person is capable of taking another person’s life?† A person with Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is capable of just that and much more. Common careers of people diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder include, sales, management, and business professionals, as well as con artists. This is not an exhaustive list of careers for the antisocial person, as it is common practice for an antisocial person to be a career criminal, and in the most severe cases a serial killer. Read MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Aspd )1432 Words   |  6 Pages Antisocial Personality Disorder Among the vast things studied in the field of psychology lies psychological disorders. These psychological disorders can simply be defined as psychological functions that can be unhealthy and even harmful to a person (Gerrig, 2005). And because this disorders can cause damage to a person it is important to understand them, both to aid a person in this situation or get the correct help if the victim is oneself. There is a vast number of psychological disorders, howeverRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1309 Words   |  6 Pages Antisocial Personality Disorder Kevin Adams Medgar Ever Collegeâ€Æ' Antisocial Personality Disorder is often wrongly called sociopathy or psychopathy although both sociopathy and psychopathy are not recognized professional labels for the diagnosis. Antisocial may not be the best way to describe the disorder because it implies shyness and people who suffer from the disorder tend to be more outgoing, charming and pragmatic. The term came about because the disorder is â€Å"anti-society. It’s behaviorRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Ocd ) Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesAntisocial Personality Disorder Katie McGuire University of Groningen Student number: s3229211 Mentor group number: 1636 Mentors: Joke van Dijken and Johanna Hecht Date: 25/10/2016 Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is a disorder characterized by behaviour that is socially undesirable such as breaking the law, lying, and not feeling any guilt. People who suffer from APD often have certain personality traits such as being charming, manipulative, insincereRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Aspd ) Essay2393 Words   |  10 PagesAntisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) To be considered antisocial is to isolate oneself from general social conditions and demonstrate behaviors that deviate from the social societal norm. Antisocial Personality disorder describes an individual that lacks values and habitually violates societal standards in regards to ethics and social behavior. Individuals with this disorder can be described to lack empathy, act impulsively, and have flagrant disregard for other people. It is hard for them toRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Ocd )1845 Words   |  8 Pages ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Introductory Psychology PSYC 1101 – Fall Semester 2014 Mr. Moser October 23, 2014 Taylor B. Hart â€Æ' Abstract Antisocial Personality Disorder is a very rare disorder. The criteria to be diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder has been changed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders throughout many years. The rareness of this disorder can be considered beneficial in the world because of the way people diagnosed with it become and

The Botany of Desire Free Essays

America. He also explains how human manipulation of the plant has weakened it, so that â€Å"modern apples require more pesticide than any other food crop. † I think the most standing out argument in this chapter is John Chapman insisted planting the apples from seeds although the fruit will taste bitter rather than sweet. We will write a custom essay sample on The Botany of Desire or any similar topic only for you Order Now He wanted to preserve the apple’s wildness. This phenomenon led to the apple wine is permeated in the most American families. However, some apple trees were planted by grafting buds onto young tree stalk to satisfy people’s desire for sweetness. The intended audience of the book is people who study in biology and environmental, or anyone wish to learn about how to view the world by using a plant’s eye and what is the role of plants in our lives. The author’s purpose Is to inform the domestication of the apple and entertain people by using a plant’s eye to view the world. In addition, the author persuade grower don’t plant the apple only to satisfy the people’s desire of sweetness because stripped of the genetic diversity plants rely on to survive disease, the relatively few popular apple varieties grown in monoculture have become increasingly vulnerable to Insects, bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, according to this chapter, â€Å"The next best world, though, Is the one that preserves the quality of wildness itself, It only because It Is upon wildness-of all This opinion Indicates the author don’t support the artificial modify. However, he changes his tone. He thinks If there Is no civilization without wildness. He considers the complex relationships between human and natural. The author combines literary, historical, and scientific references to attract audience to ponder, Is the human domesticate nature or contrary. In Pollen’s writing, he supports that man and nature will use of each other. The Botany of Desire By Laughing of plants in our lives. The author’s purpose is to inform the domestication of the increasingly vulnerable to insects, bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, according to this chapter, â€Å"The next best world, though, is the one that preserves the quality of wildness itself, it only because it is upon wildness-of all things†(Pollen). This opinion indicates the author don’t support the artificial modify. However, he changes his tone. He thinks if there is no civilization without wildness. He considers the complex and scientific references to attract audience to ponder, is the human domesticate How to cite The Botany of Desire, Papers

Challenges of public sector organizations â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Challenges Of Public Sector Organizations? Answer: Introduction Change in the modern world in all aspects of life has been described as inevitable. Change can bring either positive element or a negative element depending on how it is handled or viewed. The necessity to understand the process of change and its underpinning emergent dynamics is important for all organizations as it leads to sustainable organizational development as well as successful management of the organizations. Many people, as well as organizations, strive to have a change however very few people know how to manage these changes whenever they occur. The public sector has been seeing as the backbone of the general provision of public services to the citizens of a nation and therefore for a very critical component of the growth and development of the economy. Together with the private sector, they form the backbone of the economy of a nation in which the public sector forms the greater part. The sector is comprised of various players including government parastatals, ministries, and other agencies working under the control of a certain government. Sometimes if a change happens in one department, ministry or organ then it also affects the functioning of the others. Effective management and implementation of strategies that will counter the impact of the organizational change is therefore important in the modern world where rent less change has become a fact of organizational life. This briefing document, therefore, seeks to provide an understanding of organizations in the public sector have positioned themselves to respond to the challenges of change. The public sector as discussed plays a vital role in the development of a nation and future positioning of the economy. Any failure from the sectors bears a significant impact on the other sectors of the economy. Organizations in these sectors play a very important role in the provision of goods and services which meet the increasing demand of the population (Cummings Worley 2014, p. 3). Many organizations have therefore adopted different strategies to implement different policies to counter the effects of change. However, most change initiatives in the past have been found to fail in delivering the expected organizational benefits. How organizations in the public sector react to the changing environments determines how well the organizations are able to adapt to the new environments. Change in an organization is triggered by certain forces which usually emerge with little or no warning from both sides of the organizations (Anderson 2016, p. 2). These forces can be internal forces o r even external forces of change. The external forces can be controlled to a lesser extent by the managers as the organizations have little or no control over them while the internal forces of change can be controlled as they act through the changes in the organizations. Change as discussed above is said to be inevitable and therefore affects the operations of the organizations in the public sector and hinder their service delivery to the public. Some of the trending issues of change or forces of change that have had a great impact on the development and management or public sector organizations include; economic downturn, increased political instability, increasing globalization as well as the changing client or stakeholder expectations (Bebbington 2014, p. 2). These are considered to be external forces of change while the internal forces of change to these organizations include; the transformation programs in the organization including the use of new technology which implies that the organization structure has to change in order to accommodate the new technology, the staff changes as well as the efforts to evolve culture and expectations (Aarons et al. 2015, p. 11). These are the major challenges in the public sector and the management of these org anizations has a great responsibility of ensuring that everyone in the organization adapts to these new changes which may even affect the structure of the organization. The changing political climates in the world are likely to continue affecting the success of public sectors in achieving their goals of effective service delivery to the public. Government being the controller of the activities of the public sectors as it is nearly over 90 percent involved in every aspect of the sector may affect the smooth running of the organizations if the political climate is unstable (Kuipers et al. 2014, p. 8). It paralyzes the operations of most public sectors including government parastatals as well as the bear great impact on investors confidence in the public sector. With political instability comes periods of economic downturns which are also influenced by other factors such as drought and famine. It is also important to note that the briefing document can act as the strategic plan for the organizations since it highlights the possible future of the organization if the right strategies and mechanisms to counter the response to change are made. The public s ector organizations play a vital role in the growth of the economy of different nations and in the provision of essential goods and services. In a bid to raise revenue governments have turned to increasing taxes to businesses operations which affect the growth of public sector organizations and affect their service delivery in which the sectors may not provide adequate and quality services in events of tax avoidance or evasion (Van der Voort 2014, p. 328). During times of economic booms, the organizations seem to enjoy the increased business growth and profits however during the times of economic recessions the businesses or organizations face great challenges and losses. It is therefore appropriate that effective strategies are developed to counter the effects of economic downfalls. Globalization has reduced trade or business barriers leading to more organizations penetrating into the market and increasing competition. Globalization has increased the demand for production of quality goods and services across the international markets. Therefore it has come along with great changes especially resulting from technological changes (Lin Atkin 2014, p. 2). The demand for quality goods and services has also changed as it is usually influenced by the tastes and preferences for the goods by customers or clients. With the changing client and stakeholders expectations, organizations should therefore shift their attention to service development and delivery. The future holds that these services should be provided in relation to the interests of their clients. Internally organizations in the public sector have sought to bring about transformative programs in the sector since most of them hold to the traditional ideas (Sjostrand 2016, p. 3). The need for new transformative programs is inevitable and organizations need to develop an effective strategy that will help the organization adapt to the new demands. Staff changes are likely to increase as staff move from one industry to the other or from one sector to the other in a bid to obtain attractive salary packages as well as flexible working schedules (Burke Noumair 2015, p. 4). Many organizations are also striving to change or to evolve the organizational culture and behavior towards achieving the modern and current demands. There is also an increased likelihood that the rapid and continued innovation in technology will continue driving for changes to organizational systems as well as their operational processes. The growth of the startling internet has also provided and enabled a much faster and easier access to knowledge and therefore most of the public sector organizations use the traditional technology and may need the develop systems which are compatible with the modern technology (Bartunek Woodman 2015, p. 6). In this respect, different managers in the public sector will need to change or improve the technology being used to modern technology. With a change in technology, many operations of the sector will be made easy and production will also change as the goods and services provided would be of great quality. Secondly, the success of a business or organizations is dependent on how the organization or business relates to its clients and stakeholders. Therefore, it is important that the organizati ons seek to produce and deliver goods and services which meet their clients expectations otherwise they will lose their clients to some private sector organizations (Hayes 2014, p. 2). Lastly due to the fear of uncertainty caused by the fear of economic downturns and a change in political climate, the managers need to develop effective strategies by having a plan B to every project they seek to undertake. Application of theoretical concepts and ideas in response to organizational changes The success of incorporating changes in the public sector is dependent on whether the change process reaches its full effect and this can only be achieved if the change is made permanent. Managers and business leaders in the public sector organizations need therefore to utilize the theoretical concepts and ideas as well as knowledge in understanding the effective strategies they should put in place in response to organizational changes (Cummings et al. 2016, p.40). In this case, the ideas and theoretical perspective of Kurt Lewin provides an insightful three-step model or theory. The theory or model of organizational change provides managers of the public sector organizations with an effective framework to implement the change efforts in an organization. The model has been very effective and reliable in the modern world just as it was in the past. In this case whenever the public sector managers are faced with a dilemma in decision-making about certain changes they can rely on this model or theory to make radical changes to the organization which may be relating to employees, to technology or in relation to service delivery as per client or stakeholder expectations (Cameron Green, 2015, p. 4). The managers and other leaders also can also use the model to minimize the disruptions in the organization structure operations especially through the transforming organizational programs which bring change as well as facilitate a permanent adoption of a change in the organization. Kurt Lewin argues that change in the organizations and in this case the public sector organizations would only be effective if the people involved embrace the change and put it into practice. The first stage of the model or theory is the unfreezing stage where the managers should concentrate on removing the old existing ideologies among the stakeholders and employees of the organization in preparation for change or new ideas. Unfreezing in this model means getting people to gain perspective on their day to day activities. This may be through unlearning the bad habits and becoming open to new ways of reaching their objectives as an organization (Cornelissen Cornelissen, 2017, p. 3). Therefore the manager has to reassess the current practices in order for the wheels of change to get set for the motion. The second useful step of the model or theory is the change stage and occurs once the members of an organization have opened up their minds. In order to gain efficiency in responding to changes in the organization, it is notable that people will have to take a new task and responsibility (Benn et al. 2014, p. 2). Lewin argues that in this case, the change process has to be viewed as an investment both in terms of time and resources. When this is achieved then the organization is already on a journey of responding to changes. Lastly, the model or theory includes the stage of freezing or make it stick, whereby it is argued that change will only reach its full effect if it is made permanent. And therefore the managers and other leaders in the organization have to put or develop further changes which have to be made down the line as the implementation of the change occurs. Refreezing gives people an opportunity to thrive in the new organization and take full advantage of the charges (Cra in 2015, p. 2). Application of the stage theory Having identified technology as one of the challenges that has brought change in the public sector it is important to understand that managers, as well as other leaders in the management of public sector organizations, have the responsibility of ensuring that certain technology works for the organization. This means that for them to remain competitive in the market there is need to make innovations. Innovations in an organization bring about changes in the structure as well as the operations of an organization (Manchester et al. 2015, p. 85). Therefore, effective decision-making has to be made by the managers when adopting an innovation to be used in the organization. The application of the stage theory, in this case, would prove valuable to the managers in making innovation decisions and evaluating the changes it brings about. The theory provides four stages in which when implementing an innovation-decision managers have to develop an effective strategy that works for each stage and are contingent on the organization stage of adopting an innovation and implementing as well as sustaining new approaches as well as socio-environmental factors (Clegg et al. 2015, p. 2). These stages include creating awareness of a problem and the possible solution to different stakeholders in the company. Such will act like the unfreezing stage which sets the minds or individuals towards a new direction. Secondly, decisions to adopt the innovation are made while the third stage would involve the implementation of the plan of innovation into the organization and includes the implementation of the innovation as well as the modification of the organization structure to accommodate the innovation (Worley Mohrman 2014, p. 218). The last stage would be institutionalization or making the innovation part of the organization ongoing activities. The theory is therefore based on the idea that organizations pass through a series of steps as they experience change. Therefore the managers need to understand that the strategies to employ in this case will depend on the stage of change they are experiencing and whether the nature of the social environment surrounding the innovatio n is supported or not (DeVellis 2016, p. 3). If the innovation is supported then the process of change would be much easier for the organization to adapt as compared to when the structures have to be put in place first. Conclusion Therefore the development of briefing document serves a greater purpose in informing the management on an organizational of the possible future threats to the success of the business either from within the business or from external forces so that effective strategies can be deployed to remedy the situation. It is also important to note that the briefing document can act as the strategic plan for the organizations since it highlights the possible future of the organization if the right strategies and mechanisms to counter the response to change are made. The public sector organizations play a vital role in the growth of the economy of different nations and in the provision of essential goods and services. The sector is, however, experiencing great change and different strategies have to be laid down in response to those changes. The development of knowledge base through the study of different theories of change and development in different organizations is very important in understand ing how different sectors or groups in the economy respond to the challenge of change in their businesses. Organizations in public sector are complex in some way while on the other understanding change brings about complexity in operations of a business. It is therefore important that the managers and leaders of different organizations in the public sector should adopt strategies of responding to change which is supported by the current business environment. However change should be treated as an investment, sometimes it may bear fruits in the short run period of the organization whereas at other times it has to take a take the long-term period to materialize. Individuals working in the organizations should be given time to adapt to the change since its a process as well as be trained in case of new innovations. Effective decision-making has to be made by the managers when adopting an innovation to be used in the organization. The application of the discussed theory, in this case, would prove valuable to the managers in making innovation decisions and evaluating the changes it brings abou t. This briefing document can, therefore, be used by the public sector to highlight some of the possible problems they might be facing and even the possible solutions to some of them in preparation for future growth and development. List of References Aarons, G.A., Ehrhart, M.G., Farahnak, L.R. and Hurlburt, M.S., 2015. Leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI): a randomized mixed method pilot study of a leadership and organization development intervention for evidence-based practice implementation. Implementation Science, 10(1), p.11. Anderson, D.L., 2016. Organization development: The process of leading organizational change. Sage Publications. Bartunek, J.M. and Woodman, R.W., 2015. Beyond Lewin: Toward a temporal approximation of organization development and change. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014. Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014. Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Burke, W.W. and Noumair, D.A., 2015. Organization development: A process of learning and changing. FT Press. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change.Kogan Page Publishers. Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. and Pitsis, T., 2015. Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. Cornelissen, J. and Cornelissen, J.P., 2017. Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Crain, W., 2015. Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Psychology Press. Cummings, S., Bridgman, T. and Brown, K.G., 2016. Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewins legacy for change management. Human relations, 69(1), pp.33-60. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014. Organization development and change.Cengage learning. DeVellis, R.F., 2016. Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26). Sage publications. Hayes, J., 2014. The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Kuipers, B.S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J. and Van der Voet, J., 2014. The management of change in public organizations: A literature review on Public Administration, 92(1), pp.1-20. Lin, C.A. and Atkin, D.J. eds., 2014. Communication technology and social change: Theory and implications. Routledge. Manchester, J., Gray-Miceli, D.L., Metcalf, J.A., Paolini, C.A., Napier, A.H., Coogle, C.L. and Owens, M.G., 2014. Facilitating Lewin's change model with collaborative evaluation in promoting evidence based practices of health professionals. Evaluation and program planning, 47, pp.82-90. Sjostrand, S.E., 2016. Institutional change: theory and empirical findings. Routledge. Van der Voet, J., 2014. The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure. European Management Journal, 32(3), pp.373-382. Worley, C.G. and Mohrman, S.A., 2014. Is change management obsolete?.Organizational Dynamics, 43(3), pp.214-224.

Genetically Modified Food free essay sample

This paper analyzes the debate between Eastern and Western views regarding the production of genetically modified food. This paper examines the debate between the East and West on the issue of safety on genetically modified food. The author looks at the argument concerning the foods safety, and possible effects on the human body, labeling of such products, and how the U.S. Food and Drug Administration use modified foods. The world as we know it is divided into two parts -the secular West and the cultural East. Both have different manners of living and while the West blooms in progress the East is more restricted as it looks for the morality and values behind the progress being made. In such a division controversies like genetically-engineered food bring home the difference as both the divides through the globe argue the safety of the food-albeit on different grounds. At the heart of the debate lies the argument that as yet, the effects of genetically modified crops and products on the human body are not known. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetically Modified Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, there is no conclusive evidence of whether or not they can be harmful..

BAA Strategic Management Issues Essay Example

BAA Strategic Management Issues Essay Example BAA Strategic Management Issues Essay BAA Strategic Management Issues Essay BAA Strategic Management Issues BY Elodte7788 1. Introduction The following report has been undertaken to evaluate the strategic management issues concerned with the British Airport Authority (BAA). Strategic management is concerned with the overall direction of the whole organization. (Finlay, 2000). With the aid of a provided case study the strategies which are currently in place have been recognized and evaluated and the evidence has been used along with research carried out in textbooks and online Journals and the internet. The models provided by strategic management theorists have enabled possible future strategies to be valuated by showing a range of strategic options and how they will be best suited to a large organization in their industry. The report has been split into subsections due to the complex nature of BAAS operations and because of the many different internal and external factors which can affect the organization. The first section of this report gives a general introduction to the BAA company with an evaluation of their mission statement and the various stakeholders involved. The second section concentrates on an internal evaluation of the environment and identifies the strengths and eaknesses of the organization. The corporate culture is outlined and the resources are analysed by evaluating the company against models such as Porters Value Chain and the Cultural Web. Once an internal analysis has been carried out it is necessary to undertake an external analysis which constitutes the next section of this report. An external analysis is concerned with the environment in which BAA is operating, and therefore it is inevitable that the airline industry as a whole is evaluated. Porters five forces are used to analyse the competitive environment and the industry life cycle is valuated in order to help suggest possible strategies to keep the organization from going stagnant. The final section of the report looks at developing strategies and the problems associated with implementing these strategies. SAF analysis is used and proven to be a vital way of developing effective strategies. Issues of control are also examined. 2. Purpose of the organization 2. 1. Mission evaluation A majority 0T Duslnesses essentlally use an organlsatlonal vlslon ana mlsslon to establish the general direction of the firm with organizational objectives focused to define more specific targets. It seems that it may be too complicated for BAA to draw up a mission statement as need get all their stakeholders together, besides they also do not know what the future holds. The fact that there is no mission statement enables things to be more flexible and also can be changed. The downside however would be critical. Ferrovial the key major stakeholders could be considered as the highest players in this organization, yet BAA tends to be moving on regardless not it cannot be static. BAAS values are considered in terms of how the organization is run and include: To assess environmental impact on surrounding communities To provide a health and safety environment To achieve excellent value for their stakeholders and passengers To assess economic benefits and create employment for the local communities To inspire their team, encourage teamwork, sharing learning and open communication BAA continue to state that the way in which the organization run is much more than Just simply hitting targets and profit margins and it has certain responsibilities to society that they take very seriously suggesting each our their directors, employees and suppliers strive to meet its core commitments. . 2. Stakeholder analysis Stakeholders are those individuals or groups who depend on an organization to fulfil their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organization depends. Oohnson, etc. , 2006) It is important to understand expectation of all groups in detail, and how they are likely to seek influence over an organizations mission and strategies. Oohnson, etc. , 2006) Stakeholder mapping could be used to identify stakeh older expectations and power. It underlines the importance of two issues: how interested each stakeholder group is to impress its expectations on the organizations purpose and choice of pecific strategies, whether stakeholders have the power to do so. Oohnson, etc. , 2006) Figure 2. 1 The power/interest matrix The figure 2. 1 power/interest matrix shows managers and major shareholders are key players, have both high power and high level of interest. Employees, local communities, minor shareholders are keep informed groups, suppliers, media and aircraft manufacturers are keep satisfied. 2. 3. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility is identified as a concept whereby companies iintegrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their nteraction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis by Green Paper presented by European Commission in July 2001. (Cited in Hooley, etc. 2008) Strength in corporate social responsibility may bring competitive advantage. ( Branco Rodrigues, 2006, cited in Hooley, etc. ,2008) Questions of social responsibility are increasingly significant, posing both risks and opportunities. 3. Internal envlronment analysis 3. 1 . Resource Analysis When assessing BAAS overall situation, the identification of the strengths and weaknesses its internal environment was an important element. The functional area f the organization was considered when auditing the resources, as this is where resources become deployable. In terms of its Physical resources BAA currently own and operate seven I-JK airports and also have stakes in eleven airports outside the I-JK. With air travel demand now forecast to double, the company plan to invest E8 billion in South-east airports, E500 million in Scottish airports and include a fifth terminal for Heathrow, yet owe E7. billion in debt and are facing a credit crunch, so in terms of Financial resources they have none. The Intangible resources could nclude reputation through brands such as popular airports, established relationships with travellers as are surveying 70,000 passengers to get views each year and also the local community. BAA also has a reputation of its products and serv ices the firm own, for example retailers, world duty-free, and other luxury brands they own. Ferrovial is one of the worlds leading construction groups who specialise in four strategic lines of business, Airport, Construction, Transport infrastructure and Services. Through its subsidiary Cintra, Ferrovial also specialise in the construction nd construction of 20 toll road concessions around the world and are also experience to manage around 250000 car parking spaces. The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) control all flight paths and aircraft routes at UK airports, regulates airlines, airports and National Air Traffic Service whereby it could be considered BAA has established relationships with these organizations. BAA also has an established relationship with the government and a good reputation as the year 1986 saw the Airports Act being passed, authority dissolve as all its property rights and liabilities were passed to them. In terms of assessing Human resources BAA has specialist knowledge of the unique airport environment that allows them to successfully iintegrate retailing in an balanced, yet BAA has no established culture and with a current clash of culture between Ferrovial and BAA could be the result of the its recent departures. As result human capital may be affected such as the assessment of skills, knowledge, and decision making abilities, training and expertise of employees, adaptability of employees therefore could affect the level of commitment and loyalty. The revenues from commercial activities in retailing account for a ignificant proportion of its total revenue, helping BAA maintain some of the competitive charges faced with. The intangible resources over time may become more important than the tangible as they can be the main source for competitive advantage an example of this may be ensuring a good reputation of its products and services are maintained. . 2. Porters Value Chain When examining the internal environment of BAA it is useful to use Porters Generic Value Chain (1985). When Porter uses the term Value its meaning can be defined as follows; Value is measured by the total revenue, a reflection of the price a firms product ommands and the units it can sell. A firm is profitable if the value it commands exceeds the costs involved in creating the product. (Cole, 1997). Figure (3. 1) below shows Porters Generic Value Chain taken from Cole, 1997 and as can be seen it shows that it splits the organization into five different operations, which are categorised as primary activities. In terms of an organization such as BAA inbound logistics will be the receiving of goods for sale in their retail outlets, bars and restaurants within the airports owned by BAA, and it is possible to count the input of assengers into the airports, as the airports are where these activities take place. Operations are the activities which occur within the airports and for BAA this will include check in, security, retail, and passport control. The best way to regard outbound logistics for BAA is the successful movement of passengers through the airport and onto their designated flights with the minimum of delays. Marketing and sales concerns the different operations and services provided by BAA and the different ways in which the products and services can be purchased and inducing the customer to do so. Cole, 1997). The service section can be described as, the activities associated with providing service to enhance or maintain the value of the product. ( Porter, 1985). There are linkages between the activities and they are not isolated from one another. One aactivity often affects the cost or performance of other ones. (Lecture notes, lecture 4). The support activities which are shown going vertically on the top part of the model are self explanatory, except for the term procurement, which in this model can be regarded as the purchasing function. Figure 3. 1 Porters Generic Value Chain The BAA case study reveals that; BAA is a complex company and much of our work is done in partnership with other businesses and organizations. This has to be taken into consideration when assessing the company using Porters Value Chain. A list of services to be iincluded under BAAS control include: Airlines. These are other organizations and would probably be best categorised in both the inbound and outbound logistics sections as they are inputs into the organization and also help carry passengers out of the airports once they have experienced the services on offer. Civil Aviation Authority. A ital part of the operation including safety measures which are a primary concern in every organization within the aviation industry, especially in todays climate. Commercial services. Such as catering, shopping, car hire and banking services. These are operations which are not outsourced and are therefore profitable and add value to the organization. A customer can prepare for his travel within the airport allowing convenience and this adds value to the customers perception of the experience. Immigration National Air Traffic services. Public transport operator. These are extremely beneficial partnerships as they rovide customers with easy access into BAAS airports and help produce the infrastructure, thus creating great value to the organization. For BAA, the primary activities are well coordinated between them (infrastructure, operation, outbound, marketing ana sales, servlces) ana contrlDute to tne Important actlvlty 0T Its airports However the new security measures causing flight delays and long waiting time queues can represent an obstacle for the outbound. Another cause of flight delays and waiting time can also be accredited to the size of infrastructure too small for handling an increasing number of passengers. The infrastructure has been affected by the management of Ferrovial. English managers left since the takeover of Ferrovial. Also the debt of Ferrovial has lead to reduce the effective of its employees touching the human resources management. However value can be added in technology development and procurement. The procurement of extra security equipment can help to overcome the problems of delays and waiting time, and therefore improve the operations of BAA. 3. 3. cultural web The cultural web identifies 6 inter related elements that help to make up what Johnson and Scholes call the paradigm of the work environment. BAA has no established culture. However BAA should be also confronted with Ferrovial since this last one can have influence on the company. Since the takeover, BAA is under a strict control. This has provoked some clash and English managers dissatisfied with the new rules of Ferrovial, left. Also the debt of the company has lead to redundancies within the company and Ferrovial is accused to be only cost driven. The group is not popular with the media either. There is evidence that BAA is reluctant to the new management of Ferrovial and in the paradigm we can therefore mention a clash of cultures. Figure 3. 2 Culture Web Figure 3. 2 Culture Web helps to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a company. It can make realise that sometimes corporate culture can be elusive: the intentions of a company are different from the reality. The cultural web can be used to correct this gap by taking each element aside and compare after the reality with what the company wants as for its culture. Henceforth, the company knows more precisely what aspects need to be changed. For BAA, there is some evidence showing a gap between strategic intent and reality. For example in the statement, BAA says it is ital that we engage our stakeholders in open and honest discussion implying that they have good relations with them. However, more recently the relations with stakeholders have been affected especially with the media, politicians and regulators. Most of companys statements are too idealised. It is not really about what people (employees or customers) experience daily and does not really consider the real values and practices of the company. What can be questioned in the cultural web is the control. Ferrovial imposed its rules without adapting to the English market. This ffected the relations with shareholders and the management structure of BAA as English managers left. It was in the interest of Ferrovial to keep these managers as they had more experience of running a company like BAA and knew the English market better. A strategy more appropriate for the company would have been to adopt a participative leadership (Likert, 1961). It mearns for the company working in cooperation with its employees by taking account of their ideas and suggestions. Even if at the end the company makes the decisions, they remain open to new ideas. 34 cultural lypes Another important and useful way of analysing the internal sectors of the organization is to look at the cultural types that exist within BAA as an organization. In order to do this the report looks at three different models. Firstly, BAAS strategies will be compared against the Miesling and Wolfe model (1989), and this is shown below in figure (3. 2). Figure 3. 2. The Miesling and Wolfe Model. On the model above two crosses have been plotted. The first cross at the bottom of the model marked BAA indicates what the authors believe where BAA would put themselves with known cause and effect relationships and a dynamic approach to nvironmental change. However, it is thought that the environmental change will be more stable than BAA would portray themselves. This is because any reduction in carbon dioxide emissions will easily be outweighed by the annual increase in air travel through their airports. It is also going to have to expand into green environments for their expansions such as terminal 5 at Heathrow. Therefore, the second cross, which lies in the computational planning style/analytical decision making indicates a more realistic position for them to lie. Greenley (1989), describes a computational style as; based on an ideal model of planning using a rational pproach, where perfect knowledge of the environment leads to an analysis which can result in decision making which is devoid of irrational behavior. It assumes a long-term rationale of profit maximisation and assumes that the personal aims of managers coincide with company objectives. Greenley, 1989). The second model to be used is a more simplistic approach to cultural types within an organization and is illustrated below in figure (3. 3). Figure 3. 3. Classification of generic cultures, Deal and Kennedy (1982). Once again the same principal has been used where two crosses have been plotted onto the chart. This model is done by analysing the degree of risk the organization is willing to take against the speed of feedback give n to the company. The cross labelled BAA is where the authors believe BAA would put themselves, but the cross in the process culture is the more likely position with a slower speed of feedback and a lower degree of risk taken than BAA would make out. The result of this model, the process culture seems to be ssimilar to the results of the Miesling and Wolfe model, which showed analytical decision making. The last model to be used is the Miles and Snow (1978) who identify hree dominant organizational cultures; The defender culture which view change as threatening, this is not possible in the airline industry as changes happen rapidly. BAA has also shown evidence that they are prepared for change with the implementation of new technology and the expansions in progress. Therefore, the defender culture can be discounted. Prospector cultures thrive on change with flexibility in management. BAA does not show much evidence of flexible management and therefore leaves the last culture, which is the analyser culure, which matches the results of the other two models used. Miles and Snow (1978) describe the analyser culture as those that seek steady growth in the market through very detailed planning and control systems. (Lecture 3) 4 External Environment Analysis Analysis of the operating environment helps to identify current and potential strategic position. The macro-environment analysis consists of broad environment factors that impact on all organizations, which provided by the PEST framework to identify. Then the five forces framework would be used to understand how the competitive dynamics within and around an industr y are changing. 4. 1 . PEST Model It is important to build up an understanding of how changes in the macro- environment are likely to impact on individual organization. Oohnson, etc. 2006) The PEST framework would be used to identify how future trends in the political, economic, social and technological environments might impinge on BAA. It helps managers consider how strategies might need to change depending on the different ways in which the business environment might change. There is PEST analysis as following which show some of the main factors influence the organization. These factors are not independent of each other, may are linked. Political Air Transport white paper in December 2003 and Follow-up report in 2006 by the government set out the UKs ppolicy for sustainable aviation industry. Air transport portal of the European Commission adopted a communication in September 2005 setting a strategy for reducing the climate change impact of aviation. EIJ Emissions Trading Scheme introduces the policies across Europe to tackle emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The new ELI-US Air Transport Agreement takes effect on 30 March 2008. European airlines can fly without restrictions from any point in the EIJ to any point in the US. This ppolicy will bring more competition, but also security and environment issues. Economic factors In 2001, aviation contributed ‚Â ¬13 billion to I-JK GDP which is 2% of total GDP. The UK aviation industry directly employs about 200,000 people. Aviations provision of transport infrastructure on which many other parts of the economy depend. Airlines and airports invest around ‚Â ¬2. 5 billion a year. Socio-cultural factors There is more travelling by flight nowadays on both leisure and business purpose. Aviation has now replace shipping as the primary mearns of transport for high-value, nternationally competitive goods and services. Technological factors Governments Transport White Paper in July 1998 clears out the future technology will take-up in the I-JK. Technologies predicted to enter service before 2030 with developments in the 5 to 10 years time period and potential to substantially enhance capacity and mitigate environmental impact. Technological advance will be fundamental to introducing substantial capacity improvements, such as Wake Vortex technologies, sophisticated management systems and data link technologies Training of Aircraft Maintenance Engineers trained aircraft maintenance engineers to meet he needs. New aircraft A-380 reduces noise, only as 25% of 747 competltlve envlronment o e P rt rs Hve Forces This tool was created by Harvard Business School professor, Michael Porter, to analyze the attractiveness and likely-profitability of an industry. Since publication, it has become one of the most important business strategy tools. Buyers Buyers are the customers of BAA, including passengers, airlines, retailers and other tenants. As BAA is dominant in the I-JK market, Buyers have limited choice for other supply sources. Also BAA is an international company meaning that they are dealing ith passengers from all over the world. Therefore Buyers are not Just located on one place, they are not concentrated. This aspect limits the power of Buyers. Substitutes Substitutes for BAA are the other airport companies in I-JK, Manchester Airport Group, Abertis, Peel Airports. Substitutes are not a real threat for BAA. BAA deals with 147,6 million passengers and the second bigger group coming after BAA, which is Manchester Airport Group deals only with 28,3 million of passengers. These figures show the dominance of BAA. Suppliers Suppliers include retail suppliers, equipment suppliers and construction suppliers. Not enough information was provided on the suppliers. Services from suppliers should be really in demand from BAA, as they have an important aactivity and they generally invest huge amounts in construction but also in security. Threats of entrants To enter this market, an industry needs huge capital requirements. Therefore economies of scale are extremely important as a company needs to spread the cost over the market. As well, government policies do not facilitate the entrance to the market as they already restrict airports expansion for existing companies. This market is subject to strict regulations. Competitive rivalry This can be a synthesis of the previous aspects seen before. There are high barriers to entry the market. As well the power of buyers, suppliers and substitutes are limited. Competition between carriers will intensify across the Atlantic as US and European airlines open now, unrestricted, routes. BAA is not subject of real competition as they dominate the market and their dominance in the market is now being questioned by the OFT (Office of Fair Trade) as passengers will not benefit from lower charges and the potential benefits of the Open Skies agreement will be iminished. . 3. Industry Life Cycles Industry life cycles comprising four phases of an industry, which are introduction, growth, maturity and decline. (Haberberg Rieple, 2001) The authors point out the industry life cycle is a simplification of reality that glosses over a lot of exceptions. Figure 4. 3 Industry life cycles Figure 4. 3 shows the aviation industry is in the growth phase, when the industry becomes established and the number of firms and sales of the product grow rapidly. There may be some improvements in the industry and in the process technology used. In the growth phase, there are still enough customers to go around, so competition is unlikely to be fierce. 4. 4. Evaluation of opportunities and threats Evaluation of opportunities and threats is the final stage of external audit. The key opportunltles Include: Growth of aviation industry and growth of airport capacity provide development capacity. New technologies, such as new aircraft could reduce noise. Potential new market outside the UK The key treats include: Capacity However, expedition of Heathrow airport also is a treat, more capacity mearns more difficult on operation, required experiences staff. Security issue is still one of major problems for BAA in the future. Environment issue is another threat for BAA, limit environment effect is the )Â ¤flrms social responsibility. Figure 4. 4 below shows classifying the opportunities using measures of probability and internal capability. New technology in quadrant Exploit with maximum interest, both potential international market and growth of industry are in quadrant Investigate, with great potential for BAA, but low internal capability, which mearns further investigation. Figure 4. Evaluation of opportunities Figure 4. 5 shows the evaluation of threats. Two major threats in quadrant Prepared, BAA has greater capability to deal with such probable threats, thus are prepared. Environment issues is in quadrant Monitor, that is more uncertain, although this threat are currently unlikely, it may became so in future and thus BAA must monitor it. Figure 4. 5 Evaluation of threats The aviation industry is facing significant technical and pr actical capacity constraints and due to long-term nature has been slow to address these. Environmental and security issues are exerting sthrong pressures on the industry and its ability to grow. 5. Developing and implementing strategy 5. 1 . Recommend future strategies and evaluation of strategies The Anoff product/ market growth matrix (figure 5. 1) provides a simple way of generating four basic alternative directions for strategic development. It explicitly considers growth options. Product development and market development could be the two better way for BAA future strategy. Figure 5. Anoff product/market growth matrix BAAS existing strategy of airport development may now well be broken. The plans over the next 10 years airport expansion, however The Competition commission are ow deciding whether their dominance of the market translates into distortion of the market, or wnetner proper long-term planning can De aellverea Dy a large, staDle, well regulated group. Britains Office of Fair Trading (OFT) argues that the competition between airports is much more critical at the moment, as they believe the barriers to entry that hamper the market. There were factors taken into account when selecting a strategic route forward for BAA in terms of its Suitability, Acceptability and Feasibility and tools and approaches were also used to help select the correct strategic group. 5. 1 . 1. Development of Airports Suitability Suitability is concerned with whether a strategy addresses the key issue relating to the strategic position of the organization. BAAS plan for airport expansion over the next ten years is appropriate to the product life cycle and the relative position of the firm within its competitive environment. Reasons for this include the fact that their in a dominant competitive position and are in in an industry that is in the growth stage. BAA is also sthrong in terms of its competitive position as are able to attain cost leadership and are able to be defended. The proposed strategy of airport expansion ill eventually generate more passengers that will allow an increase consumer spending, for example, retail accommodation. The organization is prepared to handle capacity in terms of no. of passengers, therefore service quality should improve, which in turn may create a demand for airport usage by airline companies. The reinforced linkages in the (internal) value chain from the strategy of airport expansion will create an oopportunity to improve its competitive position and boosts the linkages in the value chain, so could allow them to increase prices in its products as overall passenger service should provide value for money. Acceptability Airport expansion is likely to satisfy key stakeholders, for example, shareholders, employees, managers, customers, however may have an effect on local communities, pressure groups. The fact that there is a credit crunch is not going to eliminate any financial risk to the company and due to such developments there is no guarantee of their being service quality as reasons for this may include BAAS human capital not being used to its full advantage to enable retailing to be iintegrated in a balanced way that supports efficient airport operations, enhances the travellers experience and ake the most of the commercial opportunities available. Feasibility BAA has an experienced security and fire service yet there is no established culture which may affect its human capital as may not be able to enable iintegrated retailing in a balanced way that supports efficient airport operations. As a result it could affect the assessment of skills, knowledge, and decision making abilities, training and expertise of its employees, adaptability of employees therefore could affect the level of commitment and loyalty therefore may not have the resources required to sustain n competitive advantage.

Discorse community (obseration community) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discorse community (obseration community) - Essay Example Furthermore, Africans constitute the major portion of America’s lower labor force because; these people live a miserable life in the streets of New York and other shiny cities (Fish). Therefore, they are always willing to work on low wages in order to survive every single day. However, in the past, Africans were killed at large scales to establish the culture of white dominance in US and African immigrants were butchered during the process of liberating America for underdeveloped human capital. However, with the passage of time, modern corporate sector realized the importance of cheap labor with respect to controlling the labor costs for the organizations and these powerful corporate entities initiated the process of recruiting blacks as casual labor. On the other hand, early African Americans were unable to show any resistance against inhumane and unethical practices of hatred from their white counterparts. However, Africans planned their own version of revenge in response to prevailing injustice in the society through violating the lingual norms of American society by inventing abbreviations for the regular terminology. Along with this, few unethical clichà ©s are also the result of African creativity on lingual grounds. Nevertheless, this habitual lingual misbehavior led to the development of distinct language groups in the country, which can be identified as American and African school respectively. In parallel, the African American version of English assisted law enforcement agencies in terms of effective communications because; it is difficult to interact through whole words, due to increased probability of misinterpretation in this case (Finklea). However, the social acceptability of African American style of lingual interaction is increasing with every passing year. In the light of this observation, it can be predicted with acceptable degree of certainty that African American way of

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Louis XVI Failure to Prevent the French Revolution

Louis XVI Failure to Prevent the French Revolution Through a close analysis, to a certain extent Louis XVI plays a major role in the advance of the French revolution. He was responsible for aspects of the revolution, but it was an event which was ready for creation, and nothing was going to terminate its destiny. The times prior were becoming extremely difficult, and France was becoming a worn-out, desperate country suffocating from finances and other communal issues. There were numerous causes for why the revolution took place such as the great division in society and specific events, and Louis XVI plays a minor role as the authority figure through the hardship and change. Thus, Louis XVI becomes a vulnerable king who receives a substantial amount of blame for the revolution. Louis-Auguste ascended the throne at the age of 20 after the death of his father and was married to Marie-Antoinette, a queen which was disliked by the public of France. 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Specific events from 1788-1799 caused a pressure on France, and created a numerous amount of problems to occur. Louis XVI was not of fault for the reasons, which shows that he was not the only source of the revolution. Frances population growth had risen from knowledge of medical technology upgrading, causing strains on the economy and the agricultural resources of the country. With an increase in population came a decrease in job vacancies, causing a rapid increase of unemployment of the Parisiannes. Another specific problem to occur during the time period of a year was a harsh winter, which forced people into Paris in search of food and shelter. Food started to become increasingly short and prices began to fluctuate. The typical worker was now spending three quarters of their wages on food. The tension that grew from these important events during the year of 1788 and 1799 caused a sudden outbreak of a Paris Mob to form. They were a desperate mob of exceptional size that were idle a nd ready to cheer on the most extreme measures to create a change of misfortune. Therefore, this is evidence of one cause of the revolution, which Louis XVI was not of fault. Additional evidence supporting the fact that Louis XVI was not the main factor for the revolution to take place was the growth of ideas, which had been brought to the attention of the French people. Ideas were brought to the public by members of society who began to question the hierarchal society and its oppressive structure. Philosophers and thinkers were the main bodies of the ideas and believed in rights of the individual in society and the division of power and the basic freedoms of man. Many famous writers such as Voltaire, Jean Jaques Rousseau and many other familiar names endorsed the general feeling of uprising. It was an age of enlightenment and it was designed to liberate men and set them free from fear. They were against the beliefs churches were imposing on educating and religion. They wanted to create a change, and not allow the church to be in such dominant power anymore. Thus, this proves to the point that Louis was not the main vehicle behind the revolution that othe r dominant forces such as the church were oppressing towards the French society creating this distinct tension to the up rise. The last influence to the revolution was how the society of France was divided distinctively into three sections, and this was a subject that was in the power of the king, Louis XVI to govern. An extreme amount of tension and hatred had grown from the three separate classes; they were known as the first estate consisting of the clergy, the second estate which were the nobles, and the third estate holding a large percentage of 90 percent of the population, were the middle class, otherwise known as the bourgeoisie and peasants. The major resentment was held by the middle class who did not want to be categorized in the same title as the underprivileged. The nobles were exempt from almost all taxes, leaving the peasants and middle class to pay for them, which they could not afford to do. The Sans-culottes which was the term given to the radicals of Paris who wore long trousers instead of the aristocratic knee-breeches were from the class of artisans and small shopkeepers. There were no m ajor industrial enterprises, since they tended to be state monopolized or strictly regulated by the state. There were not many job opportunities for the peasantry and middle-class. The third estate was never given a fair chance of speech and was cast aside and ignored in any of its ideas or needs. No matter if they were of the middle class with academic background or just the common peasant they were treated as the outcasts of society. Louis XVI had the power to change the classes, since he was in absolute monarchy, but he was content with the way France was divided and felt there was no need to make the third estate pleased. Instead he decided to ignore their requests for change and left the tension of the estates to escalate. This is an indication that Louis XVI can not be completely excluded from the bringing about of the French Revolution. Thus, through the identification of the reasons of the initial events occurring to the uprising of the revolution, and through the cross analysis of Louis XVI being entwined to the causes, it can be seen that he was only a small component of the reasons. Louis XVI was in absolute monarchy and had power over many subjects, although there were reasons that no amount of power could have discontinued. As many historians have concluded about the French Revolution, France had become a very desperate country with a weak king and had a strong body of reformists, and needed only the smallest of events to occur to set it into fire. Louis XVI (23 August 1754-21 January 1793) was King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then King of the French from 1791 to 1792. Suspended and arrested during the Insurrection of the 10th of August 1792, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed on 21 January 1793. His execution signaled the end of the absolutist monarchy in France and would eventually bring about the rise of Napoleon. There are conflicting views about his conviction. Not only is it believed that he was guilty and deserved to be guillotined in front of a cheering crowd on 21 January 1793, but a divergent view is held, outlining how his intentions were good but the circumstances were. But to what extent was Louis XVI really to blame? Though it is certain that Louis XVI failed to maintain the centralization of power; people were under the false impression that he was a vain, obtuse, and inadequate monarch, so clueless that on the day the Bastille was seized by revolutionaries, he wrote in his diary, Rien, Nothing happened.. This led to all the large forces in France conspiring to fragment power away from the monarchy. This meant that Louis could have been a scape goat and someone easy to blame for the revolution. He inherited the debt problem left by his grandfather, Louis XV, and contributed to the predicament himself through heavy spending during Frances involvement in the American  Revolution  (1775-1783). Because this massive debt overwhelmed all of his financial consultants, Louis XVI was forced to give in to the demands of the Parlement of Paris and convene the Estates, General. Also Marie Antoinette, who was brought up in indulgence as an Austrian princess, after their marriage became, in the French commoners eyes, the primary symbol of the French royaltys extravagance and excess. She was hindering their payment of loans both Louis XVI and his predecessors had. Thought she didnt have power of anything more than any other French queen until the reforms were rejected, she still had power over his purse, and carried on her indulgent life even when the country was declaring bankruptcy.    This was another target that France used in their feud against their youthful king. He had an Austrian queen, in an attempt to reconcile differences between the two countries, but with many French people against his wife, Louis was led to ignore those citizens opinions and carry on, not worrying about how he could be wrong in having a queen like Mary Antoinette. This in turn may explain why the French started to despise Louis xvi, and in the end turn to executing him.    Complaints about the king, taxing, and voting in the Estates General were on the increase. The bourgeoisie were well informed of their legal weakness and conscious of the rights that other people in other nations, such as the new United States of America, were receiving as a right of a drastic change in judgment. The most important causes of the French Revolution, therefore, were these: the constant unprofessional conduct of the French government and the subsequent unfairness in the distribution of wealth, the incredible hardship that the populations of the Third Estate were subject to, and, finally, the Enlightenment principles finally reaching the thinkers of the day. The ruling parties in France had long since overstepped their boundaries in terms of levying taxes. The Old Regime had become antiquated and impractical, unfit for the growing size of the country and for the well-being of the people. Feudalism had existed for centuries, but it was time for a change. King Louis XVI and his teams of advisors were forced to develop elaborate taxation schemes to pay the inflation on the national debt, which was partly the fault of his predecessors, who had spent colossal amounts of money on Versailles, amongst other things. More than fifty percent of the total budget was directed toward this renumeration. Tax collection, however, was a debacle. Taxes mixed from region to region, and most of the taxes were collected by private businessmen. They would lend the taxes to the government and then accumulate the taxes directly; they then paid themselves both the principal and the interest on the loan and sent the rest to the government. They were liberated to hold back as much as they wanted, so the Third Estate was paying far more in taxes than truly went to the government. Whats worse is that the assets of the country were not centralized; there were hundreds of offices paying out money. By the 1780s, no one had any idea as to what the total asset and liability profile of the nation looked like. The financial crisis precipitated a steep inflationary rise in prices. This inflation was good news for French manufacturing and mercantilism because it resulted in a significant shot of capital into emerging industrial and mercantile businesses. It played hell, however, with the peasantry. Not only did the peasants have to pay higher prices for the basics of life, but landlords began raising fees on the peasantry when they saw their purchasing power decrease. By 1789, over 80 percent of an average peasants household income went to purchasing bread alone, just bread. In that same year, unemployment in many parts of France was over 50%.This, of course, meant practically bleeding the poorest, most disadvantaged people in the country dry of what little capital they had. As time went on, the Churches and the nobles, making up only three percent of the territory, gathered to them upwards of half of the land in the country; they then turned their sights on the largest portion of the French people, and began to take whatever they could from them. Louis was blamed for this as he was that kept the taxes and even added some on to pay off his debts. On top of the taille, the corvà ©e, the tithe and capitation, the vingtieme was called on even when France wasnt at war. In 1787, Louiss financial ministers, Charles de Calonne and Lomà ©nie de Brienne, tried to initiate a series of reforms to stop the complete financial ruin of the French government. They wanted new taxes. The Parlements, which had the authority to raise taxes, want something in return: more regional independence. The aristocracy wouldnt budge on the matter; when Louis calls a select group of nobles together to sell him on the reforms, they flat out declined to consider the matter. They insist, rather, that the only governmental body that can support the new taxes is the Estates General, which hadnt been called since 1614. So Louis XVI decided in 1789 to convene the Estates, General, and an ancient assembly consisting of three different estates that each represented a portion of the French population. If the Estates, General could agree on a tax solution, it would be implemented. However, since two of the three estates; the clergy and the nobility, were tax, exempt, the achievement o f any such result was unlikely.    Furthermore, the out of date rules of order for the Estates, General gave each estate a single vote, despite the fact that the Third Estate, consisting of the general French public, was many times larger than either of the first two. Feuds quickly broke out over this discrepancy and would prove to be contradictory. Realizing that its numbers gave it an automatic advantage, the Third Estate declared itself the sovereign National Assembly. Within days of the announcement, many members of the other two estates had switched allegiances over to this revolutionary new assembly.    On May 5, 1789, Louis XVI convened the Estates General. Almost immediately, it became apparent that the 1614 arrangement would not sit well with its present members. Although Louis XVI granted the Third Estate greater numerical representation, the Parlement of Paris stepped in and invoked an old rule mandating that each estate receive one vote, regardless of size. As a result, though the Third Estate was vastly larger than the clergy and nobility, each estate had the same representation, one vote. Inevitably, the Third Estates vote was doubled to accommodate the difference in population. Louis XVI could be commentated on his good intentions in light of this event. Knowing very well that a revolution was imminent, he let there be an equal ration of representatives, thus editing a tradition to mace it democratic.    The fact that the Estates General hadnt been summoned in nearly 200 years probably says a thing or two about the extent of the situation. The First and Second Estates, clergy and nobility, respectively, were too closely related in many matters. Both were linked to the royalty and shared many similar privileges. As a result, their votes often went the same way, automatically neutralizing any effort by the Third Estate. Additionally, in a country as secularized as France at the time, giving the church a full third of the vote was ill-advised: although Frances citizens would ultimately have their revenge, at the time the churchs voting power just fostered more animosity. There were numerous philosophers in France speaking out against religion and the mindless following that it supposedly demanded, and many resented being forced to follow the decisions of the church on a national scale.    In a way if it werent for Louis making his decision to give more votes to the 3rd estate, there would be no upheaval from the 1st and 2nd estates. On the other hand the revolt of the 3rd estate would affect him. He was stuck in the middle with no was of compromise. Things got worse when the third estate segregated. The Third Estate itself varied greatly in socioeconomic status: some members were peasants and labourers, whereas others had the occupations, wealth, and lifestyles of nobility. These disparities between members of the Third Estate made it difficult for the wealthy members to relate to the peasants with whom they were grouped. Because of these rifts, the Estates, General, though organized to reach a peaceful solution, remained in a long-lasting inside feud. It was only through the efforts of men such as Sieyà ¨s that the members of the Third Estate finally realized that fighting among them was fruitless and that if they took advantage of the estates massive size, they wou ld be a force that could not be ignored. In conclusion, I believe the French Revolution was an astonishingly convoluted affair; it was principally lit by the antagonisms between the first two and the Third Estate, antagonisms rooted in decades of abuse and frustration and not a despot who was trying to fix his families mistakes along with his own. Louis xvi may have made some decisions that would make any other monarch twitch with distaste but his intentions were good , and considering his age and his power , he was an adequate king for a place that certainly had a revolution in its midst.

The Journey Home: What Makes a Hero Essay -- Essays Papers

The Journey Home: What Makes a Hero What constitutes an epic story? Certainly, literary expectations have come to define a story as a series of events revolving around one or more characters. An epic, however, must possess one attribute that a story may or may not contain; a hero. The Odyssey is an epic and therefore, it does contain a hero and perhaps even more than one. A hero cannot simply just exist, though, he or she must be shaped into the role through a series of adventures and misadventures that help the reader sympathize and identify with the hero’s progress towards a specific goal. The Odyssey proves no exception as the hero Odysseus’ ultimate goal of returning home to his beloved Ithaca is hindered by a sequence of events that create the story. Although his own contribution to delaying his return home must not be overlooked, it is primarily the desire of the gods which greatly affects Odysseus progress towards Ithaca. Although not as prominent as the roles of the Gods, Odysseus’ own actions do impact his journey home, even if it is only negatively. Odysseus is a proud man and at numerous points during The Odyssey his ego derails efforts to return to Ithaca. Perhaps this is clearest when Odysseus and his men land upon the island of Aeaea. Home to the beautiful goddess Circe, Odysseus and his men are initially oblivious to the perils of the enchanting island. After a band of Odysseus’ men are tricked and turned into pigs by the goddess, though, Odysseus is warned of a similar fate and subsequently confronts and threatens to kill the goddess. Instead, however, Circe begs to lie with Odysseus and even swears an oath insisting there is no more hidden mischief in store for Odysseus and his crew. While... ...the hero of an epic, to be brimming with anything less than intense pride. Part of what breeds a hero is confidence so one cannot fault Odysseus for having faith in his own abilities. The negative and positive influences of the gods, though, are vastly superior as they truly dictate the epic. Whether it is Poseidon’s fury, Zeus’ wisdom or Athene’s lure to Odysseus, there is absolutely no question the god’s overwhelming substantial impact upon the tale is leaves the deepest imprint upon the reader. Works Cited - Homer. The Odyssey. London: The Penguin Group, 2003. - Nelson, Christopher B. "Homer and the Power of Men That Have Chests." New Criteriorn November 2003. 27 January 2004 <http://0web6.infotrac.galegroup.com - Sellar, Tom. "Homer's Homecoming." American Theatre September 2003. 26 January 2004 <http://www.newcriterion.com>.

Judgement on Charles Warren and the Ripper investigation

Charles Warren became head of the Metropolitan Police when they were in dire need of help after the incident that occurred in 1886. Police officers and officials were all shaken up and the police force was a mess. When Charles Warren came into action the police force changed. Although he had several difficult and complicated problems to deal with; I think he done an outstanding job in taking control over things which proved grateful from the many men and women that commended all that he did. He received countless complimentary letters which I think says it all. He was very effective in keeping the police force calm in order to handle any problem that arose. In his compliments he received one from the Home Secretary, Commander in Chief; H. R. H, The Duke of Cambridge, The Prince of Wales and Lord Salisbury which was a huge honour for him which he so rightly deserved. On top of all the compliments he was awarded with a Knight Commandership of the Order of the Bath. He dealt with other difficulties which included burglaries, muzzling of dogs along with everything else going on which lead to the police being abused by the irritated public. Despite all of these positives, people began to criticise him in the case of Jack the Ripper, people would slate him, accuse him of things he didn’t do and generally oppose him. He was unfairly accused of not catching the murderer and frequently had to face the press with outrageous thoughts and articles which gave him a bad image. I disagree with this for he coped very well with what problems he was faced with. The case of Jack the Ripper was his most difficult case but he faced it head on and didn’t back down to defeat. I believe people could not see the inner workings to all that he did. After all the issues that he still received he resigned which left officers in dismay and disappointed for the great job that he did do. To conclude I believe that he was very effective as Head of the Metropolitan Police for all of the difficulties that he dealt with in a sensible manner which enabled the public to feel safe and the officers around him to be at ease, he improved Police investigation strategies which gave him great respect. I also think that all of the criticism he received off of the public and press he still continued to do his work and did not let things overcome him. Overall he really did help the Metropolitan Police to improve and was a very good man in what he did and achieved.