Financial crisis 2007-2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial crisis 2007-2012 - Essay Example The investments in the mortgage market in US were very lucrative as it offered high returns in short interval of time. More and more numbers of people considered the investments in US mortgage market as an instrument of short term gains. According to efficient market theory, the information flow from the market was such that it influenced not only the borrowers but also the lenders for purchase of housing properties (Harder, 2010, p.59). The policies of the US government also contributed to the flow of market information to the investors suggesting that the investments in the real estate and housing markets of US is likely to produce easy profits in a short span of time. The US government also made the ownership of houses for US citizens as a fundamental right. All these information flow from the markets influenced the investment decisions in the housing markets. Thus investments in the mortgage markets increased with instances of bank lending with open hands. On one hand when the ma rket information influenced the financial decisions, the underlying bubble of crisis was not noticed. Due to assumptions of the efficient market theory, the valuation of the underlying mortgages got overvalued. The banks provided finances for housing loans without adequate check on the credit parameters which led to the entry of huge borrowers who were not creditworthy (Carey and Stulz, 2007, p.44). The weight of bad loans started to increase when the borrowers defaulted in repayment of loans.... The US government also made the ownership of houses for US citizens as a fundamental right. All these information flow from the markets influenced the investment decisions in the housing markets. Thus investments in the mortgage markets increased with instances of bank lending with open hands. On one hand when the market information influenced the financial decisions, the underlying bubble of crisis was not noticed. Due to assumptions of the efficient market theory, the valuation of the underlying mortgages got overvalued. The banks provided finances for housing loans without adequate check on the credit parameters which led to the entry of huge borrowers who were not creditworthy (Carey and  Stulz, 2007, p.44). The weight of bad loans started to increase when the borrowers defaulted in repayment of loans. The valuation of the mortgages fell which were accepted as underlying securities at the time of financing the loans. This led to erosion of value of the company and the sharehold ers which eventually led to financial crisis of 2007-2012. The underlying causes of financial crisis were not reflected in the information flow to the investors that led to bad investments (Palan, 2007, p.25). This establishes the redundancy of efficient markets in explaining the financial decisions. Financial theories and models This part of the study will evaluate several aspects of Efficient Market Hypothesis and Random market Hypothesis. Efficient Market Hypothesis Efficient Market hypothesis is also known as joint hypothesis problem. It declares that the financial market is efficient. According to this hypothesis, an individual cannot

Natural world threatening Essay Example for Free

Natural world threatening Essay On the whole, Plath finds the natural world threatening. ’ In the light of this statement, compare the ways in which Plath and Hughes write about the natural world. You must include in your response detailed reference to ‘The Moon and the Yew Tree’ and to at least one other poem. ’ The natural world often seems to reflect the writer’s mood vividly and traditionally, nature is used to convey emotions. Plath uses nature to express her interior misery by comparing aspects of nature with her own emotions to show how she is alone, isolated and emotionally cold; this is particularly visible in both ‘The Moon and the Yew Tree’ and ‘Elm’. In contrast to Hughes, who finds the natural world fascinating as seen in ‘Hawk Roosting. ’ In The Moon and the Yew Tree, Plath focuses on two features of landscape, which are used to establish the mood. The poem quickly becomes a bleak statement of nothingness and despair, whereby she projects her feelings onto the moon and onto the yew tree. Throughout the poem, her gaze remains fixed on the moon, an image which Plath finds threatening since the light it gives off is ‘cold and planetary’ an unsettling image with Plath does not find particularly comforting, since she is describing the moon as emotionally cold. The moon seems to have its own troubles with it being ‘terribly upset’ here Plath uses the moon to express her own feelings of sadness, although the moon conveys her own despair, she describes the moon as having despair a reason why she ‘live[s] here’ –inside the moon, in her world of despair. The personification of the moon has made it a female character traditionally for Plath a symbol of barren coldness; hence Plath finds the natural world threatening by the negative power of the moon. The Yew Tree also lies at the heart of the poem, it is immediately associated with overwhelmingly negativity ‘the trees of the mind are black’. Plath uses pathetic fallacy giving emotions to inanimate objects throughout the poem, creating a tense, threatening atmosphere. In contrast to Plath who finds the natural world threatening, Hughes writes about the power of nature and how immense it is. Yet Hughes uses the power of creation to highlight the evil in nature, which is highlighted by the God like powers of the hawk, where the bird’s arrogance and self-importance is emphasised sitting ‘in the top of everything’. Metaphoric images underline the hawk’s opinion of its own superiority ‘Now I hold creation in my foot’ exemplifying the God-like power of the hawk. The hawk is like a prehistoric monster ‘nothing has changed since I began’ it is something that other creatures need to fear and that underlines the sense of its own power. Hughes finds nature threatening within the poem by the evil within the hawk – it is a killing machine, everything about it is geared to ‘the allotment of death’. Ultimately, what Hughes presents is an accumulation of onomatopoeic and metaphoric images that may cause the reader to fear the bird, which finally may persuade the reader to see nothing other than an immense specimen of nature. Similar to Plath who in ‘Elm’ writes the poem from the Elms perspective, Hughes adopts the persona of a hawk, effectively showing us the world from the birds prospective. However in contrast to Plath who uses Elm to show an image of femininity, Hughes uses the masculine hawk as a very powerful image, who is threatening because of the evil things it does.

Love in A.S. Byatts Possession, Zadie Smiths White Teeth, and the Ful

Love in A.S. Byatt's Possession, Zadie Smith's White Teeth, and the Full Monty by Peter Cuttaneo As British literature and film seek to sort out the identity crisis that England finds herself in as a post-imperial nation, a variety of views have emerged concerning solutions for Britain’s confusion. One reoccurring theme to these views is love. A.S. Byatt’s Possession, Zadie Smith’s White Teeth, and The Full Monty, directed by Peter Cattaneo, all deal with a traditional, romantic view of true love, whether it is presented as a necessity or a dispensable ideal. While Possession and The Full Monty show romantic love as an essential part of what will push Britain towards rejuvenation, White Teeth presents romance as something that can be forfeited in light of the fact that mere survival is the ultimate goal. In Possession, Byatt juxtaposes many different types of relationships in order to set up an obvious comparison between what brings renewal and what does not. Roland Michell, a twentieth century scholar studying the works of nineteenth century poet R.H. Ash, is initially in a boring relationship with Val, an embittered ex-scholar, whom he has admittedly settled for. He does not love her, and, as a result, his life with her is bland. Roland later becomes colleagues with feminist Maude Bailey, whose work with another nineteenth century poet, Christabel LaMotte, coincides with his research on Ash. As they uncover Ash and LaMotte’s secret love affair, Byatt is able to display an exciting yet sorrowful love. Despite its sad ending, LaMotte and Ash’s relationship brings freshness into their otherwise monotonous lives. As the novel progresses, Maude and Roland come to respect and, ultimately, love each o... ...r future but rather settle with her present in order to survive. While Byatt’s Possession and Cattaneo’s The Full Monty are concerned with a Britain that pushes herself towards greatness through love and acceptance, Smith is more concerned with Britain just moving forward. Yet all three of these works have interesting viewpoints on the importance of true, romantic love in post-imperial Britain. Perhaps Britain can be rejuvenated through love, as Byatt suggests. Perhaps only love can bring new life to her bored, undefined citizens, as Cattaneo puts forth. Or, as Smith proposes, perhaps Britain just needs to stop all this focusing on the ideal and trying to redefine herself through these fairytale, unrealistic notions. No matter which stance the British work takes, it is important to note the question that they each pose: could love really find a way?

the time is now :: essays research papers

If... he has committed murder, he must die. In this case, there is no substitute that will satisfy the legal requirements of legal justice.There is no sameness of kind between death and remaining alive even under the most miserable conditions, and consequently there is no equality between crime and the retribution unless the criminal is judicially condemned and put to death." Immanuel Kant. About 2000 men, women, and teenagers currently wait on America's "Death Row." Their time grows shorter as federal and state courts increasingly ratify death penalty laws, allowing executions to proceed at an accelerated rate. It's unlikely that any of these executions will make the front page, having become more and more a matter of routine in the last decade. Indeed, recent public opinion polls show a wide margin of support for the death penalty. But human rights advocates continue to decry the immorality of state-sanctioned killing in the U.S., the only western industrialized country that continues to use the death penalty. Is capital punishment moral? Capital punishment is often defended on the grounds by the government, that society has a moral obligation to protect the safety and the welfare of its citizens. Murderers threaten this safety and welfare. Only by putting murderers to death can society ensure that convicted killers do not kill again. Second, those favoring capital punishment contend that society should support those practices that will bring about the greatest balance of good over evil, and capital punishment is one such practice. Capital punishment benefits society because it may deter violent crime. While it is difficult to produce direct evidence to support this claim since, by definition, those who are

Management organisational behaviour

Question: Goal-setting Is widely used In management practice, but is goal-setting all pros and no cons? Discuss both the benefits and the possible downside, or â€Å"darkled† of goal- setting. Introduction Introduce the topic and briefly describe what goal setting is in your own words. Define how we're going to apply goal-setting in the context of an organization Briefly discuss the pros and cons of goal-setting Discuss my point of view- what are the most efficient methods of goal-settings and how can they be applied to an organization or an Individual. Paragraph 1 (What is goal setting? In detail, explain what goal-setting is and define Edwin A.Locker's Goal-setting theory Discuss what factors influence goal setting (E. G Specific, realistic goals work best) Evaluate on how organizations and individuals apply goal-settings Paragraph 2 ( why do we use It? ) Motivation Help you to visualize and plan actions to achieve what you want then carry it out Paragraph 3 (Benefits/Pros) Begin the paragraph with how goal-setting is beneficial as a topic sentence Create a list of key benefits that can be applied to organizations and individuals Gives a path o you know exactly where you are going and what you need to do to get there without procrastinating.Timeliness that consists of smaller milestones, so that it makes the larger goal seem more achievable Set milestones will force you to set prolepses, hence preventing you from getting distracted Organization Goals could be achieved faster and more effectively when it is being broken down into smaller goals and collaborated in a team Obtaining smaller and more frequent milestones will give a sense of achievement that motivates the organization When an organization is working with a client smaller goals allows the client to be always aware of the organizations progress towards the final goal providing a sense of security Individuals Makes you aware of your own strengths and weaknesses Keeps you focused Makes you respo nsible for your own success or failures Improve your self-image Limits your stress Paragraph 4 ( Negatives ) Begin the paragraph with discussing the downsides of goal-setting Create a list of key downsides that can be implied to organizations and individuals Creates a fear of losing ( being criticized) High speed performance may trigger inaccuracy, and lack of details when reaching the final goal.Higher accuracy could be acquired but it happens at a much slower rate, due to focus on improving quality. Organization in goals. Method of achieving that milestone may be different for each individual when it is crucial to work diligently as a team Individual Intense amount of workload may denominate a person into procrastinating once he or she believes that their goal can never be achieved until its deadline (exhaustion) Competition may be used as a catalyst to speed up the rate of achievement, but it ay result in hindered goal accomplishment. Shortage of time may lead workers to apply un systematic methods, being unable to obtain goals ethically or effectively. Paragraph 5 (So how do we use Goal-setting to its maximum capacity? Briefly explain how goal setting is commonly used within organizations Give examples of real life goal orientated organizations and individuals Carefully design timeliness back up plans Paragraph 6 (conclusion) Reintroduce the topic question Summaries each paragraphs What is goal setting? Why do we use goal setting Benefits and downsides How do we use goal setting to its maximum capacity Diaries Plan Week 4 – Starting 18th August Research and collect any available articles about goal-setting using cholesterol, encroach, protest, then start reading Gather brief information on each articles Start writing down basic format of assignment 1 learn how to reference using Harvard or PAPA style referencing Start writing up assignment 1 Week 5 – Starting 25th August Finish with assignment 1 Assignment 1 due on 27th of August Complete full /detailed research from collected resources Week 6 – Starting 3rd SeptemberCollect information for first and second paragraph with Cholesterol, Encroach, and protest – What is Goal-setting? , and why do we use it Have a basic format of how the introduction and second paragraphs will be written Final write up will be conducted later on after collecting all the necessary information Week 7 – Starting 9th September Collect information for paragraph 3 and 4 with Cholesterol, Encroach, and protest – Benefits and Downsides Have a basic format/written guide of how the third and fourth paragraphs will be written Week 8 – Starting 16th September Collect information for paragraph 5 with Cholesterol, Encroach, and protest – How do we use it to maximize its use?Have a basic format/written guide of how the fifth paragraph will be written Start assignment 2 Complete all of the body paragraphs up to the conclusion Start and complete the conclusion Start an d complete the referencing Allow peer review for independent perspectives or for checking grammatical errors Study Break – Starting 1st October Final proof reading of assignment 2 by yourself week 10 – ASSIGNMENT TWO DUE on 7th October Hand in essay via Nipping website before 4:pm Annotated bibliography Lethal, GAP 2004, ‘The motivational benefits of goal setting, Academy of Management Executive, Volvo. 18, no. 4, up. 126-129. The article a researched based on motivation, self- regulation and task management. This research is based on a hypothesis that people who assign tasks for themselves, or have their own set of goals to achieve by certain deadlines would generally outperform those who are assigned tasks by their bosses. In the end however, the researchers discovered that regardless of how the tasks were assigned to a person, the level of commitment was on par.However, people with different traits and personalities might show a great difference of performance quality when a task is assigned to them rather than giving them the freedom of setting their own tasks. Other studies relating to this research were further conducted, and one of them showed that if the difficulty of the task was unchanged, the level of performance was also constant regardless of being assigned to or self-regulated. Although I agree with the author, I disagree with some parts of the article since the level of performance will not stay constant when the difficulty rises. Due to some loss in motivation after being faced with a goal that they know they could never achieve in, some people would rather under achieve than to be disappointed in their results.Locke, EAI & Lethal, GAP 2006, ‘New Directions in Goal Setting Theory, A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, Volvo. 15, no. 5, up. 265-268 The article is about a relationship between goal-setting and task performance during a 25 year period, based on 400 laboratory and field studies. The method of research involved arranging participants into groups of different level of tasks. For example the American Pulpwood Association experimented on their uneducated, unskilled laborers to see if setting a goal would increase their productivity. Tight deadlines soon lead to a rapid increase in work pace and set goals also motivated the workers to discover the knowledge needed to obtain greater goals.The research illustrated how motivation can be measured from different levels of realistic goals when compared with the level of motivation of having loose deadlines. The data collected higher task performance, whereas easy, vague, and unrealistic goals lead to a decline in and task performance. I agree with this article as having a set goal that is realistic boosts moral and motivation to increase anyone's work performance. Kim, Hammer, Jay S, W. Clay, 1976. Journal of Applied Psychology. Effect of Performance Feedback and Goal Setting on Productivity and Satisfaction in an Organizationa l Setting, 61 , 48-57. The article illustrates how a combination of feedback and goal settings significantly increased the work performance.The research was conducted in four separate plants with service type Jobs, with the majority of the participants whom were blue-collar, and the rest of them being women. Three objective reference measures were accounted for (cost performance, absenteeism, and safety). The results clearly indicate that a combination of goal setting and feedback is far superior to goal setting alone on the cost and safety measures of performance. However, a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic feedbacks would maximize the full capacity of a person's performance level. In my opinion, this article is very accurate since it can be applied to any gender and age. Constructive feedbacks that are both intrinsic and extrinsic is crucial for students to learn where they went wrong in order to perform better in upcoming tasks. Management organisational behaviour Question: Goal-setting Is widely used In management practice, but is goal-setting all pros and no cons? Discuss both the benefits and the possible downside, or â€Å"darkled† of goal- setting. Introduction Introduce the topic and briefly describe what goal setting is in your own words. Define how we're going to apply goal-setting in the context of an organization Briefly discuss the pros and cons of goal-setting Discuss my point of view- what are the most efficient methods of goal-settings and how can they be applied to an organization or an Individual. Paragraph 1 (What is goal setting? In detail, explain what goal-setting is and define Edwin A.Locker's Goal-setting theory Discuss what factors influence goal setting (E. G Specific, realistic goals work best) Evaluate on how organizations and individuals apply goal-settings Paragraph 2 ( why do we use It? ) Motivation Help you to visualize and plan actions to achieve what you want then carry it out Paragraph 3 (Benefits/Pros) Begin the paragraph with how goal-setting is beneficial as a topic sentence Create a list of key benefits that can be applied to organizations and individuals Gives a path o you know exactly where you are going and what you need to do to get there without procrastinating.Timeliness that consists of smaller milestones, so that it makes the larger goal seem more achievable Set milestones will force you to set prolepses, hence preventing you from getting distracted Organization Goals could be achieved faster and more effectively when it is being broken down into smaller goals and collaborated in a team Obtaining smaller and more frequent milestones will give a sense of achievement that motivates the organization When an organization is working with a client smaller goals allows the client to be always aware of the organizations progress towards the final goal providing a sense of security Individuals Makes you aware of your own strengths and weaknesses Keeps you focused Makes you respo nsible for your own success or failures Improve your self-image Limits your stress Paragraph 4 ( Negatives ) Begin the paragraph with discussing the downsides of goal-setting Create a list of key downsides that can be implied to organizations and individuals Creates a fear of losing ( being criticized) High speed performance may trigger inaccuracy, and lack of details when reaching the final goal.Higher accuracy could be acquired but it happens at a much slower rate, due to focus on improving quality. Organization in goals. Method of achieving that milestone may be different for each individual when it is crucial to work diligently as a team Individual Intense amount of workload may denominate a person into procrastinating once he or she believes that their goal can never be achieved until its deadline (exhaustion) Competition may be used as a catalyst to speed up the rate of achievement, but it ay result in hindered goal accomplishment. Shortage of time may lead workers to apply un systematic methods, being unable to obtain goals ethically or effectively. Paragraph 5 (So how do we use Goal-setting to its maximum capacity? Briefly explain how goal setting is commonly used within organizations Give examples of real life goal orientated organizations and individuals Carefully design timeliness back up plans Paragraph 6 (conclusion) Reintroduce the topic question Summaries each paragraphs What is goal setting? Why do we use goal setting Benefits and downsides How do we use goal setting to its maximum capacity Diaries Plan Week 4 – Starting 18th August Research and collect any available articles about goal-setting using cholesterol, encroach, protest, then start reading Gather brief information on each articles Start writing down basic format of assignment 1 learn how to reference using Harvard or PAPA style referencing Start writing up assignment 1 Week 5 – Starting 25th August Finish with assignment 1 Assignment 1 due on 27th of August Complete full /detailed research from collected resources Week 6 – Starting 3rd SeptemberCollect information for first and second paragraph with Cholesterol, Encroach, and protest – What is Goal-setting? , and why do we use it Have a basic format of how the introduction and second paragraphs will be written Final write up will be conducted later on after collecting all the necessary information Week 7 – Starting 9th September Collect information for paragraph 3 and 4 with Cholesterol, Encroach, and protest – Benefits and Downsides Have a basic format/written guide of how the third and fourth paragraphs will be written Week 8 – Starting 16th September Collect information for paragraph 5 with Cholesterol, Encroach, and protest – How do we use it to maximize its use?Have a basic format/written guide of how the fifth paragraph will be written Start assignment 2 Complete all of the body paragraphs up to the conclusion Start and complete the conclusion Start an d complete the referencing Allow peer review for independent perspectives or for checking grammatical errors Study Break – Starting 1st October Final proof reading of assignment 2 by yourself week 10 – ASSIGNMENT TWO DUE on 7th October Hand in essay via Nipping website before 4:pm Annotated bibliography Lethal, GAP 2004, ‘The motivational benefits of goal setting, Academy of Management Executive, Volvo. 18, no. 4, up. 126-129. The article a researched based on motivation, self- regulation and task management. This research is based on a hypothesis that people who assign tasks for themselves, or have their own set of goals to achieve by certain deadlines would generally outperform those who are assigned tasks by their bosses. In the end however, the researchers discovered that regardless of how the tasks were assigned to a person, the level of commitment was on par.However, people with different traits and personalities might show a great difference of performance quality when a task is assigned to them rather than giving them the freedom of setting their own tasks. Other studies relating to this research were further conducted, and one of them showed that if the difficulty of the task was unchanged, the level of performance was also constant regardless of being assigned to or self-regulated. Although I agree with the author, I disagree with some parts of the article since the level of performance will not stay constant when the difficulty rises. Due to some loss in motivation after being faced with a goal that they know they could never achieve in, some people would rather under achieve than to be disappointed in their results.Locke, EAI & Lethal, GAP 2006, ‘New Directions in Goal Setting Theory, A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, Volvo. 15, no. 5, up. 265-268 The article is about a relationship between goal-setting and task performance during a 25 year period, based on 400 laboratory and field studies. The method of research involved arranging participants into groups of different level of tasks. For example the American Pulpwood Association experimented on their uneducated, unskilled laborers to see if setting a goal would increase their productivity. Tight deadlines soon lead to a rapid increase in work pace and set goals also motivated the workers to discover the knowledge needed to obtain greater goals.The research illustrated how motivation can be measured from different levels of realistic goals when compared with the level of motivation of having loose deadlines. The data collected higher task performance, whereas easy, vague, and unrealistic goals lead to a decline in and task performance. I agree with this article as having a set goal that is realistic boosts moral and motivation to increase anyone's work performance. Kim, Hammer, Jay S, W. Clay, 1976. Journal of Applied Psychology. Effect of Performance Feedback and Goal Setting on Productivity and Satisfaction in an Organizationa l Setting, 61 , 48-57. The article illustrates how a combination of feedback and goal settings significantly increased the work performance.The research was conducted in four separate plants with service type Jobs, with the majority of the participants whom were blue-collar, and the rest of them being women. Three objective reference measures were accounted for (cost performance, absenteeism, and safety). The results clearly indicate that a combination of goal setting and feedback is far superior to goal setting alone on the cost and safety measures of performance. However, a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic feedbacks would maximize the full capacity of a person's performance level. In my opinion, this article is very accurate since it can be applied to any gender and age. Constructive feedbacks that are both intrinsic and extrinsic is crucial for students to learn where they went wrong in order to perform better in upcoming tasks.

The History of the Computer Keyboard

The History of the Computer Keyboard The history of the modern computer keyboard begins with a direct inheritance from the  invention of the typewriter.  It was Christopher Latham Sholes who, in 1868,  patented the first practical modern typewriter. Soon after, in 1877, the Remington Company began mass marketing the first typewriters. After a series of technological developments, the typewriter gradually evolved into the standard computer keyboard your fingers know so well today. The QWERTY Keyboard There are several legends around the development of the QWERTY keyboard layout, which was patented by Sholes and his partner James Densmore in 1878. The most compelling explanation is that Sholes developed the layout to overcome the physical limitations of mechanical technology at the time. Early typists pressed a key which would, in turn, push a metal hammer that rose up in an arc, striking an inked ribbon to make a mark on a paper before returning to its original position. Separating common pairs of letters minimized the jamming of the mechanism. As machine technology improved, other keyboard layouts were invented that claimed to be more efficient, including as the Dvorak keyboard patented in 1936. Although there are dedicated Dvorak users today, they remain a tiny minority compared to those who continue to use the original QWERTY layout, which remains the most popular keyboard layout on devices of many types throughout the English-speaking world. QWERTYs current acceptance has been attributed to the layout being efficient enough and familiar enough to hinder the commercial viability of competitors. Early Breakthroughs   One of the first breakthroughs in keyboard technology was the invention of the teletype machine. Also referred to as the teleprinter, the technology has been around since the mid-1800s and was improved by inventors such as Royal Earl House, David Edward Hughes, Emile Baudot, Donald Murray, Charles L. Krum, Edward Kleinschmidt, and Frederick G. Creed.  But it was thanks to the efforts of  Charles Krum between 1907 and 1910 that the teletype system became practical for everyday users. In the 1930s, new keyboard models were introduced that combined the input and printing technology of typewriters with the communications technology of the  telegraph. Punch-card systems were also combined with typewriters to create what were known as keypunches. These systems became the basis of early adding machines (early calculators), which were hugely commercially successful. By 1931, IBM had registered more than $1 million in adding machine sales. Keypunch technology was incorporated into the designs of the earliest computers, including the 1946  Eniac computer that used a punch-card reader as its input and output device. In 1948, another computer called the Binac computer used an electro-mechanically controlled typewriter to input data directly onto magnetic tape in order to feed in computer data and print results. The emerging electric typewriter further improved the technological marriage between the typewriter and the computer. Video Display Terminals By 1964, MIT, Bell Laboratories, and General Electric had collaborated to create a  time-sharing, multi-user computer system called Multics. The system encouraged the development of a new user interface called  the video display terminal (VDT), which incorporated the technology of the cathode ray tube used in televisions into the design of the electric typewriter. This allowed computer users to see what text characters they were typing on their display screens for the first time, which made  text assets easier to create, edit, and delete. It also made computers easier to program and use. Electronic Impulses and Hand-Held Devices Early computer keyboards were based either on teletype machines or keypunches but there was a problem: having so many electro-mechanical steps necessary to transmit data between the keyboard and the computer slowed things down considerably. With VDT technology and electric keyboards, the keys could now send electronic impulses directly to the computer and save time. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, all computers used electronic keyboards and VDTs.   In the 1990s, handheld devices that introduced mobile computing became available to consumers. The first of handheld devices was the HP95LX, released in 1991 by Hewlett-Packard. It had a hinged clamshell format that was small enough to fit in the hand. Although not yet classified as such, the HP95LX was the first of the Personal Data Assistants (PDA). It had a small QWERTY keyboard for text entry, although touch typing was practically impossible due to its small size. The Pen Is Not Mightier Than the Keyboard As PDAs began to add web and email access, word processing, spreadsheets, personal schedules, and other desktop applications, pen input was introduced. The first pen input devices were made in the early 1990s, but the technology to recognize handwriting was not robust enough to be effective. Keyboards produce machine-readable text (ASCII), a necessary feature for indexing and searching by contemporary character-based technology. Minus character recognition, handwriting produces digital ink, which works for some applications but requires more memory in order to save input and is not machine-readable. Ultimately, most of the early PDAs (GRiDPaD, Momenta, Poqet, PenPad) were not commercially viable. Apples 1993 Newton project was expensive and its handwriting recognition was particularly poor. Goldberg and Richardson, two researchers at Xerox in Palo Alto, invented a simplified system of pen strokes called Unistrokes, a sort of shorthand that converted each letter of the English alphabet into single strokes that users would input into their devices. Palm Pilot, released in 1996, was an instant hit, introducing the Graffiti technique, which was closer to the Roman alphabet and included a way to input capital and lowercase characters. Other non-keyboard inputs of the era included the MDTIM, published by Poika Isokoski, and Jot, introduced by Microsoft. Why Keyboards Persist The problem with all of these alternative keyboard technologies is the data capture takes more memory and is less accurate than with digital keyboards. As mobile devices such as smartphones grew in popularity, many differently formatted keyboard patterns were tested- and the issue became how to get one small enough to use accurately. One fairly popular method was the soft keyboard. A soft keyboard is one that has a visual display with built-in touchscreen technology. Text entry is performed by tapping on keys with a stylus or finger. The soft keyboard disappears when not in use. QWERTY keyboard layouts are most frequently used with soft keyboards, but there were others, such as the FITALY, Cubon, and OPTI soft keyboards, as well as a simple listing of alphabetic letters. Thumbs and Voice As voice recognition technology has advanced, its capabilities have been added to small hand-held devices to augment, but not replace soft keyboards. Keyboard layouts continue to evolve as data input embraced texting, which is typically is entered via some form of a soft QWERTY keyboard layout (although there have been some attempts to develop thumb-typing entry such as the KALQ keyboard, a split-screen layout available as an Android app). Sources David, Paul A. Clio and the Economics of Qwerty. The American Economic Review 75.2 (1985): 332-37. Print.Dorit, Robert L. Marginalia: Keyboards, Codes and the Search for Optimality. American Scientist 97.5 (2009): 376-79. Print.Kristensson, Per Ola. Typing Isnt All Fingers, Its Thumbs. The World Today 69.3 (2013): 10-10. Print.Leiva, Luis A., et al. Text Entry on Tiny Qwerty Soft Keyboards. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2702388: ACM, 2015. Print.Liebowitz, S. J., and Stephen E. Margolis. The Fable of the Keys. The Journal of Law Economics 33.1 (1990): 1-25. Print.MacKenzie, I. Scott, and R. William Soukoreff. Text Entry for Mobile Computing: Models and Methods, Theory and Practice. Human-Computer Interaction 17.2-3 (2002): 147-98. Print.Topolinski, Sascha. I 5683 You: Dialing Phone Numbers on Cell Phones Activates Key-Concordant Concepts. Psychological Science 22.3 (2011): 355-60. Print.

Stairway to Heaven essays

Stairway to Heaven essays In the first verse the writer talks about a lady who is buying him a present. If she gets the right thing than he will be happy and it would be heaven. If she doesnt get the right gift, than all she has to say is one thing and he will forgive her. The second verse says that he wasnt clear about what he wants for the gift so she gos to a store by a brook. The store sells sculptures of the forest and she finds a singing bird clock, (cookoo clock). In the third verse he writes about his neighbour having a fire in the bush and he sees the smoke rise from the trees. He thinks about leaving to go see what his neighbour is doing when he hears the guy call out to him. In the fourth verse he says that his neighbour is a member of his band he thinks about them singing back there and the tune singing through the forest and then they laugh about it. In the fifth verse he talks about himself having trouble in the band. The spring cleaning means that he is just getting himself organised and finding what it is he is supposed to be doing with his life. If he has any trouble he can either quit the band and find a new one or just fix the problems in the one he has now. I think the sixth verse talks about his struggle with drugs. The whispering wind means that talking to someone about it will solve the problem. The last verse says that you will always find your soul mate and everything will turn out even in the worst of times. This is ...

Ethical Manner And Interests Of Service Users Social Work Essay Essays

Ethical Manner And Interests Of Service Users Social Work Essay Essays Ethical Manner And Interests Of Service Users Social Work Essay Essay Ethical Manner And Interests Of Service Users Social Work Essay Essay Within the societal work model, the societal workers ought to act in an ethical mode and act in the best involvement of the service user. To make this successfully the writer will demo cognition of those are chief demands for pattern ; the writer will demo an apprehension and articulate thought accomplishments, to be after a strategic manner of advancing equality within the pattern. The writer will analyze and reflect on personal values and bias and prejudices, professional values and turn out to be committed to the cardinal political orientations within the pattern through the scenario. The writer will besides take organizational position screening schemes for turn toing anti-oppressive pattern and anti-discrimination rules in pattern. Finally, the writer will reflect on the group work and what has achieved from it. From a personal position, the writer will analyze ain values, prejudice and biass. In analyzing single values the writer felt it is appropriate to give a background how these values are formed. They are formed by a composing of interaction in a assortment of ways, societal background, function theoretical account, faith, school, regulations, and many others. Personal values are non inactive as they keep developing and altering through experiences. As a kid turning up it frequently that child observes the function theoretical accounts of the parents, instructors and other influential persons that are respected. Some of these values are, what we hold beloved to that is deserving safeguarding . ( Thompson, 2000 ) These values help the writer to place oneself in keeping our unity as portion of who we are. ( Cuthbert and Quallington, 2008 ) Personal values are the footing upon which ethical rules and values are established.A A Similarly, our ethical principlesA that determine the action s we take in react to the existent state of affairs. The writer s initial reaction to the scenario Mike was carrying a knife, and he was incorrect to be transporting a knife. Furthermore, society at big has negative feeling towards individuals transporting knives. Due to transporting this knife, he committed a serious offense, which ends person s life. It is clear the writer may experience biass about theA knife. Equally, the writer has personalA Christian values refering to Mike. These Christian values are found in Proverbs 22:6 Train up a kid in the manner he should travel: and when he is old, he will non go from it. ( Bible, 1960 ) This text illustrates that rearing and care is a important function in society, and where clip is spent with Mike fiting him with the household values ; and disbursement clip with him learning the appropriate values such as how to interact with others and allow him be cognizant of what is right and what is non. When this is non taught so it would be hard for Mike to cognize what is morally right from in correct and hence, would be unethical to direct him to prison without conveying standard acceptable behavior. Besides the writer has strong feelings about kids who are been criminalise without holding that right function theoretical account, due to hapless parenting accomplishments and deficient rearing support. On the other manus, the writer has prescriptiveA moralss which a usher to our day-to-day life. From research the writer discovers that there are three kinds of normative ethical theory: virtue, deontological, and consequentialist, ( Moral Philosophy, 2005 ) . Virtue theory focuses on the ethical character of the agent which evidential in our idiosyncrasy. The deontological theory focal points on the Acts of the Apostless ought or ought non being preformed irrespective of the effects. The consequentialist theory focuses on what is the best effects the action is non of import the terminal justifies the agencies . ( Moral Philosophy, 2005 ) and hence, directing Mike to prison may non be the best effects for Mike. So, it would be deserving analyzing the significance of the societal profession in the context of societal work. From the societal work perspective the societal work profession promotes societal alteration, job resolution in human relationships and the authorization and release of people to heighten wellbeing. Using theories of human behavior and societal systems, societal work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and societal justness are cardinal to societal work. ( IFSW, 2001 ) Clearly, the societal work is a profession that promotes societal alteration within society. In doing these alterations, there are core values within the pattern that societal worker demands to hold cognition of. These nucleus values take case in point of personal values in moving in the best involvement of Mike. The British Association of Social Workers ( BASW ) the codification of moralss for societal work, list five basic values associating to the ethical codification ; ( a ) human self-respect and worth, ( B ) societal justness, ( degree Celsius ) service to humanity ( vitamin D ) unity and ( vitamin E ) competency. Adhering to this codification substantiates that the societal worker is moving in an ethical model in determination making.A A Alongside these, the societal worker must hold an apprehension of the General Social Care Council ( GSCC ) codification of pattern for societal attention workers. That is to protect the right and advance the involvement of the service user and carers, to establish and keep trust and assurance , to promote the independency of the service user whilst protecting every bit far as possible from danger or injury , A A to respect the rights of service while seeking to guarantee that their behavior does non harm themselves or other people , toA A uphold pu blic trust and assurance in societal attention services and Be accountable for the quality of your work and take duty for maintain and better your cognition and accomplishments. ( GSCC, 2002 ) The latter codification has a legislative force and applies to all societal attention workers within England and Wales. It permits appropriate enforcement of societal work values and stipulates a construction for ethical policy devising. It can be seen that within the context of societal work pattern, there are set cardinal moral and ethical rules to which societal workers are and should be committed. ( Banks, 2001 ) These professional rules are transcribed and articulated within the codifications. Traditionally, Biestek ( 1957 ) illustrated there s an of import linkage between the societal worker and the service user and to keep what is in the service user involvement Biestek came up with the seven values of societal work. These values are individualization, purposeful look of feelings, controlled emotional engagement, credence, non-judgmental attitude, client self-government and confidentiality. ( Biestek, 1957, p.23 ) From this societal work continues to transform and spread out, so are the societal work values, particularly since the traditional values that have been the footing of societal work patterns. ( Bank 2001 ) Today, it can be seen that these established values of Biestek appear to somehow underpin values and moralss in pattern. Another of import value such as regard for a individual ( Banks, 2001 ) is one of the basic rules that can be read many books, non merely sociological but besides in philosophical. ( Kantian Moral Philosophy, 2004 ) .A A A On the other manus, there are theoretical accounts and political orientations that assist societal workers to compose and organize our ideas that assist doing professional opinions. ( Oko, 2008 ) A A From these professional values, theories, political orientations and ethical consideration societal workers develop their ain specialist manner of pattern. The writer should turn to barriers that will forestall Mike to be treated in a professional mode. In spite the writer thought that transporting the knife has affected the quality of JB life. The writer besides makes it clear where this kid is non cognizant that such behavior is unacceptable it would be unethical to direct him to prison. The intent of societal work is to advance human self-respect and worth for Mike and James Rachels compactly presents philosopher Immanuel Kant s attack towards people whom they have an intrinsic worth in other word dignity which makes them valuable above all monetary value ( Rachels, 1999 pg 132 ) Since, Mike is valuable above all monetary value an unmeasurable thought degree in the philosopher s head. Therefore, the writer should invariably reflect whether action paramount Mike s public assistance in subdivision 1 kids Act ( CA ) 1989. In so making the writer must be witting of profession values, counsel and statute laws in doing determination. The writer must be cognizant of Mike s values. It is important for the societal worker to be non-judgemental throughout.A A It is non the societal worker s function to judge persons or households, neither delegating guilt or artlessness nor faulting Mike stating that it is Mike s duty for his jobs or demands. ( Biestek, 1961 ) From the facts of the instance, in order to be non- judgmental, and the societal worker needs to cognize whether Mike understands the nature and the earnestness of the offense. Where he does non understand it is ethical to set him behind bars? In the Crime and Disorder Act ( CDA ) 1998 s117 A child is defined as under the age of 14. However, in the United Convention on the rights of the Child ( UNRC ) is defined as under the age of 18.A A UNRC provides a set of minimal criterions against which to prove jurisprudence, policy and pattern as it affects kids. ( Gillen 2006 ) Mr Justice Gillen in a conference in Belfast illustrated that in England and Wales the grade by the given of doli incapax for kids between 10 and 14 ( Gillen, 2006 ) Gillen would see, did Mike committed the mental component in the offense required by the condemnable jurisprudence when so making they knew what they were making was earnestly incorrect? ( Gillen, 2006 ) A A In order to reply this inquiry, the writer must confer with research on moral development. Psychologist Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, studied the ethical development of kids. Piaget examined how kids develop moral logical thinking, by giving two scenarios, one that break more spectacless without purpose ( strictly accident ) and one who a kid had an purpose to take the jam when no 1 is about and interrupt one glass. So in the ethical quandary whose is naughtier ? He found that immature kids have an nonsubjective morality, and they were much more crude apprehension of right and incorrect behavior than make older kids who were more subjective morality as they identifies the bad act.A A Piaget did non experience that kids got to this phase of moral development until they are beyond 11 old ages. ( Kids Development, 2000 ) Kohlberg carried Piaget s work to a different degree, into adolescence and maturity in his quandary. He asked the childs what they think was the right thing to make. Kohlberg came up with three degrees with two phases in each. First degree is the pre-conventional ( present one penalty and obeisance, phase two individuality ) kids up to 10 old ages in this group. Second flat conventional ( stage three interpersonal conformance, present four societal system and scruples ) age 10 and over to adulthood. Third degree is the post-conventional ( stage five societal contact and single rights, phase 6 universal and ethical rules ) . ( Kids Development, 2000 ) It had to be proven that Mike understands that perpetrating such offense is incorrect. It can be seen from the two psychologists that someplace above 10 and beyond a kid should develop a moral apprehension. However, what the psychologist did non reference in their conjectural positions is what happens if that kid has a behavioral problem/disability. Despite their positions, A throughout thisA development rhythm parent s engagement is important. It is arguable that Mike s guardian lacks the parenting accomplishments, and hence, he was unable to develop the moral apprehension of what is right. Additionally, A withA his behavioral jobs, it would be unethical to direct Mike to prison without turn toing this job. Mike seems to be a kid in demand and the societal worker should hold Mike s best involvement at heart.A A And by making so the societal worker must be impartial throughout. ( Bateman ( 2000 ) cited in Parrott ( 2010, p. 105 ) .A A The societal work must protect Mike from injury and research the effects of the offense Mike committed and whether the penalty will do more injury than good. In moving in Mike best involvement, the writer must demo the tribunal that if Mike goes to prison, he is likely to endure emotionally and being stigmatise like the childs in the Bulger instance. This might intend that Mike will acquire a decreased sentence and non passing the maximal sentence of 14 old ages for earnestness of the offense within s91 Power of Criminal Courts Sentencing Act 2000. It would be unethical to for a kid at 13 to be lock off for 14 old ages. It could transgress the European Convention of Human Rights in footings of condemning pattern and under Article 6 the suspects did non a cquire a just hearing. ( Brammer,2007 ) .A A Clearly, Mike should be treated reasonably so the writer from an organizational position will analyze these issues. From the administration position, it is deserving specifying societal work as an administration, the work of Robin ( 1990 ) , Mullender and Perrott 2002 pg 75 ) describe an administration as a consciously coordinated entity, with a comparatively identifiable boundary, that function on a comparatively uninterrupted footing to accomplish a common end or ends. Similarly, Hafford-Letchfield ( 2006 p4 ) draws attending to the importance of an administration s map and intent and metropoliss work of Buchannan et Al ( 2004 ) who describe the administration as a societal agreement for accomplishing controlled public presentation in chase of corporate ends. ( Oko, 2008 pg 68 ) It is a consciously coordinated entity intending they have a set intent. And each administration has different civilization and mission. Some are statutory and some are voluntary but each administration operates within a model of statute laws, strategic direction with policies and processs, which are guidelines efficaciously as benchmark of best pattern in societal work competency. Administration has a greater responsibility in footings of leading, direction, safeguarding, modernizing, battling favoritism, A A and promoting effectual pattern and developing professionals develop and back up our pattern development and the construct of the brooding practician emphasises our ain function in developing and keeping high criterions. ( Oko, 2008 pg 88 ) In accomplishing these benchmarks the administrations can set about more when working within a multi-agency apparatus of different civilization that works straight with Mike and his household every bit good as with tribunal, other condemnable justness system and other administrations or voluntary groups that support him and recognize the singularity, value and participationA which he makes to society. As an constitution there is a demand to accomplish equal chance within society, the Discrimination Law Association ( DLA ) seeks to beef up developments in favoritism jurisprudence and pattern in the United Kingdom, Europe and at an international degree. Besides, the DLA appreciates and recognises the authorities enthusiasm in undertaking favoritism across Europe ; and back up the positive developments taken in accomplishing equality within society. ( DLA, 2007 ) A A In order to keep equality the authorities set up a committee to supervise favoritism Torahs within the UK ; from this the Hepple study was produced, which made a figure of recommendations including the delivery in of anti-discrimination Torahs in a individual legislative act under a individual enforcement organic structure. ( Hepple et al 2000 ) Therefore, it is really of import for the societal work administrations to keep this equality ( Equality Act 2010 ) in pattern and be able to recognize and battle favoritism and subjugation in pattern. Discrimination can be on evidences of race, coloring material, cultural beginning, nationality, sex, age or disablement. This can be direct favoritism ( harassment or exploitation ) and indirect favoritism. Direct favoritism occurs when a individual is treated less favorably because of one the evidences ( above ) . When doing the comparing the relevant fortunes of the plaintiff and the comparator must be the same or non materially different. ( McColgan, 2007 ) A A Harassment the plaintiff will necessitate to demo that the behavior constitutes less favorable intervention and sums to a hurt ( Palmer et Al, 2007 pg 255 ) People, who have been unlawfully victimised, can do a formal ailment under the Human Rights Act 1998, Race Relation Act, Sex Discrimination Act or Disability Discrimination Act. However, indirect favoritism may happen because of lack of consciousness about how regulations will impact certain groups. It may be unintentional for illustration, created regulations that appear to be impersonal or just, but when applied into pattern a smaller group can non stay by it for spiritual grounds or other. ( IDS, 2004 ) Anti-oppressive pattern is cardinal in an administration in back uping societal workers to work in a non-discriminatory mode, which promotes the moralss and values of the profession.A A Anti-oppressive pattern is a uninterrupted critical contemplation, this encouraging authorization and equality. It covers the full holistic pattern attack. Therefore, it is of import for the societal work administrations to place the actions of favoritism and subjugation, whether they happen deliberately, or accidentally they need to be challenged. Anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive patterns have to extinguish favoritism and subjugation non merely from our ain pattern, but it has to be challenge in the pattern of others and the institutional constructions in which we work. Social workers occupy places of power and control, and possibly that is why there is important range for favoritism and subjugation, whether it be knowing or by failure. ( Thompson, 1998 ) Contemplation In my contemplation, I will discourse how I felt as portion of the group. What I have achieved and country of betterment for me personal values and struggles. As portion of the group I felt was really witting, of how much I speak because I wanted to guarantee there was a balance, between all of us. The subject is an country of less experience for me and through it gave me the enthusiasm to make a batch of research. I felt for the first few hebdomads of this research that it was ruling my life, and I became really cognizant, so I decided to maintain the program of my timetable. As portion of the group I learnt the importance of squad work and the consequence of one member absent have on the group members. I have learnt that even though that member was losing, we did a great occupation in the presentation. As Preston Shoot ( 1993 ) put it working with a group provides learning chances but canA besides be nerve-racking when they experience the power of group kineticss, A brush troubles, which cloud the manner frontward, or doubt the effectivity of their work Preston-Shoot ( 1993, pg 119 ) this is true because working in such a scene has been a piece for me, and at times I felt the force per unit area was on and I had to research more and in uncertainty of the effectivity subject, but are three hebdomads of research it started coming together when a member of the group asked the countries each of us wanted to cover. So yes, it has been nerve-racking but was successful. In listening to others I discover that it broadens my readings, I find it interesting to se e each of us comprehend state of affairss otherwise. I enjoyed working with the group but for the hereafter, I believe the thought of implementing a regulation on communicating would be a great thought. My countries of development are being able to organize my work burden and maintaining to my timetable. As Thompson provinces: Skill development in societal work tends to affect two chief elements 1 ) edifice on, consolidating, heightening and sharpening bing accomplishments ; and 2 ) recognising, understanding and developing new accomplishments Thompson, N ( 2000, pg83 ) For me, I build on the legal cognition I have and uniting it with the values and ethical acquisition and at the same clip recognizing the factA maintaining to personal clip postponing. I feel I am still developing the ethical accomplishments and with clip I will bring forth great consequences. On a whole, I learnt so much about values and moralss I felt that I have become a better individual, I am encompassing the transmutation, and I am watching myself mature into a practician. Mention Banks, S. ( 2001 ) Ethics and Values in Social Work. Palgrave/ BASW Biestek, F. P. ( 1961 ) The casework relationship, London, George Allen A ; Unwin Bible, ( 1960 ) The Holy Bible, New King James Version, USA. Herald Brammer, A. ( 2007 ) Social Work Law.2nd edn. Pearson. British Association of Social Workers ( BASW ) Code of Ethics for Social Work ( www.basw.co.uk ) Cuthbert and Quallington ( 2008 ) Health and Social Care Theory and Practice: Valuess for Care Practice Reflect Press Devon. DLA ( 2007 ) Discrimination Law Review: A Framework for Fairness Response by Commission for Racial Equality. Gillen, J. ( 2006 ) The Age of Criminal Responsibility: A The Frontier between Care and Justice Child Care in pattern 12 ( 2 ) pp.129-139 GSCC Codes of Practice ( www.gscc.org.uk ) Hepple, B. Coussey, M. Choudhury, T. ( 2000 ) Equality: A New Framework The Report of the Independent Review of the Enforcement of UK Anti-Discrimination Legislation , published by Hart. IDS, ( 2004 ) Race and faith favoritism, Employment Law Handbook. 2nd edn. London: Incomes Data Services. IFSW, ( 2001 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ifsw.org/f38000138.html ( Accessed: 18 November 2010 ) Hafford-Letchfield, T. ( 2006 ) Management and administration in societal work. Exeter: Learning Matters. Kantian Moral Philosophy ( 2004 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/ ( Accessed: 1December 2010 ) McColgan, A. ( ed. ) ( 2007 ) Discrimination Law Handbook. 2nd edn. London. Lag Oko, J. ( 2008 ) Understanding and Using Theory in Social Work. Exeter: Learning Matters. Parrott, L. ( 2006 ) Valuess and moralss in societal work pattern. Exeter: Learning affairs. Parrott, L. ( 2010 ) Valuess and moralss in societal work pattern. 2nd edn. Exeter: Learning affairs. Rachels, J. ( 1999 ) The Elementss of Moral Philosophy. 3rd erectile dysfunction. McGraw-Hill College Thompson, N. ( 1998 ) Promoting equality, Challenging favoritism and subjugation in the human services. Mcmillan Press. Thompson, N. ( 2000 ) Understanding societal work, Fixing for Practice. Palgrave. Web sites Moral Philosophy ( 2005 ) available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.moralphilosophy.info/normativeethics.html ( Accessed:21 November 2010 ) Kids Development ( 2000 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kidsdevelopment.co.uk/PiagetsCognitiveDevelopmentTheory.html ( Accessed on 28 November 2010 ) Kids Development ( 2000 ) Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kidsdevelopment.co.uk/KohlbergsMoralReasoningStages.html ( Accessed: 28 November 2010 )

The Key Considerations When Developing International Business Literature review

The Key Considerations When Developing International Business - Literature review Example Hence, this leads us to the topic of â€Å"key considerations in developing an international business.† This work attempts to identify the extent in which prior literatures, especially the latest ones, have suggested on the importance or key considerations in putting up an international business. Using the internet and the online library resources, it has been identified that there are at least seven materials which appeared to be most relevant to the subject matter, the materials have also been reviewed and the most salient points have also been identified. This work limited itself to materials written within the last 5 years with the exception of one in which it was written in the year 1999 but appeared to be highly relevant to the subject matter. One important material on the subject matter is written by Beyer and Fening (2012). Beyer and Fening (2012) highlighted the importance of business strategy for success in the global market. However, they actually emphasized on the role that institutions play in shaping global business strategy. The authors pointed out for instance that one important consideration is whether the targeted country for expansion of the business implements and imposes restrictions on trade and commerce vis-à  -vis foreign nationals. Another important consideration is whether the potential market is saturated with government policies and regulations that restrict the businesses. One important material on the subject matter is written by Beyer.

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International and pacific Asian Business - Essay Example However, Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms clearly transformed the Chinese economy with improved annual 10% growth rate of GNP in the 1980s and marked improvement in the ordinary people’s standard of living (Minami, 1994, P.1). Plan and intention To achieve viable economic growth, the Chinese government lays economic blue prints for its economic developments in phases of five-year plan, which is implemented with specific targets and goals in place. Based on this model, the 9th Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) was quite successful, and the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005) was rolled out with main objectives of â€Å"Sustaining fairly rapid growth, strategic restructuring, and improving the quality and benefits of economic growth so as to lay firm foundations for doubling the 2000 GDP by 2010† (China-un, 2008). This is in addition to â€Å"substantial perfection of the socialist market economy and putting state-owned enterprises on a modern enterprise footing, thus allowi ng greater participation in international cooperation and competition† (China-un, 2008). ... First, the government is very active in national planning and implementation, guided by the largely free economy via sophisticated and powerful monetary and fiscal policies. Secondly, the Japanese way of linking largely private ownership of assets with conservative public-spirited management, especially the role of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) coordinates national industrial policies consistent with economic and social growth (Nationsencyclopedia, 2011). It is the responsibility of MITI to identify and develop industries targeted for Japan economic growth at different times as deemed appropriate through evaluation. Role of culture in the economic development (Confucianism and Guanxi) Culture influences business practices worldwide thereby affecting business management systems in different countries. For China, the traditional Chinese culture is very much involved in most aspects of the society to extent it influences the business management system and the b usiness community at large. For Chinese, in their management system, they tend to be more hierarchical, collectivistic, and context-oriented when compared with westerners, implying that different communication styles are used in Chinese society (Cleland, & Gareis, 2006, P.23-3). Unlike the westerners, the Chinese value interpersonal relationships a lot. The very important aspect of interpersonal relationship value is guanxi (personal relationship or personal connection), that define the basic force that holds the personalized network of influence (Cleland & Gareis, 2006, P.23-3). Guanxi is a major cultural and social part of the Chinese society affecting many areas of Chinese daily life even in the present China. It is products of Confucian values and contemporary

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International and pacific Asian Business - Essay Example However, Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms clearly transformed the Chinese economy with improved annual 10% growth rate of GNP in the 1980s and marked improvement in the ordinary people’s standard of living (Minami, 1994, P.1). Plan and intention To achieve viable economic growth, the Chinese government lays economic blue prints for its economic developments in phases of five-year plan, which is implemented with specific targets and goals in place. Based on this model, the 9th Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) was quite successful, and the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005) was rolled out with main objectives of â€Å"Sustaining fairly rapid growth, strategic restructuring, and improving the quality and benefits of economic growth so as to lay firm foundations for doubling the 2000 GDP by 2010† (China-un, 2008). This is in addition to â€Å"substantial perfection of the socialist market economy and putting state-owned enterprises on a modern enterprise footing, thus allowi ng greater participation in international cooperation and competition† (China-un, 2008). ... First, the government is very active in national planning and implementation, guided by the largely free economy via sophisticated and powerful monetary and fiscal policies. Secondly, the Japanese way of linking largely private ownership of assets with conservative public-spirited management, especially the role of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) coordinates national industrial policies consistent with economic and social growth (Nationsencyclopedia, 2011). It is the responsibility of MITI to identify and develop industries targeted for Japan economic growth at different times as deemed appropriate through evaluation. Role of culture in the economic development (Confucianism and Guanxi) Culture influences business practices worldwide thereby affecting business management systems in different countries. For China, the traditional Chinese culture is very much involved in most aspects of the society to extent it influences the business management system and the b usiness community at large. For Chinese, in their management system, they tend to be more hierarchical, collectivistic, and context-oriented when compared with westerners, implying that different communication styles are used in Chinese society (Cleland, & Gareis, 2006, P.23-3). Unlike the westerners, the Chinese value interpersonal relationships a lot. The very important aspect of interpersonal relationship value is guanxi (personal relationship or personal connection), that define the basic force that holds the personalized network of influence (Cleland & Gareis, 2006, P.23-3). Guanxi is a major cultural and social part of the Chinese society affecting many areas of Chinese daily life even in the present China. It is products of Confucian values and contemporary

Speech on Dicken and Chandler or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On Dicken and Chandler - Speech or Presentation Example The multinational companies do not always fulfil their share of bargain of developing the country they are in economically (Dicken, 2010) and this becomes a great challenge to the local people. In order for the government to ensure that their people benefit from the revenue and work by the multinational companies, they should insist on being shareholders in the project as well as provide its own set of conditions before allowing the company to set base in the nation. By the companies including the local people, it will mean that soon the locals will have knowledge, expertise and financial means to start their own businesses which will contribute towards competitiveness as well as building up industries (Reich, 2010). The more the multinational companies set camp in the country, the more the revenue will be collected and the more the national competition will be on the increase. The more the revenue is generated by the companies which goes to the government, the more the government wi ll be in a position to build its own industries as well as develop the others already present and modernize them. This will be possible only if the human capital is being fully utilized as well as the managers and top officials of the government are coordinating with each other.

Music Appreciation Unit review Essay Example for Free

Music Appreciation Unit review Essay Review Questions: 1) Popular music is any music since industrialization in the mid-1800s that meet middle class expectations. Popular contains all different types of music and Pop music is just simply a type of music included in popular music. It’s kind of like saying all Maple trees are trees but not all trees are Maple trees! 2) Themes such as love and relationships are used to create much of the pop music lyrics. A song that uses this theme would be Tina Turner’s song â€Å"What’s love got to do with it†, in which Turner describes love as being nothing more than a heart break. It was a popular theme because many people could relate it to their lives and their situation. 3) Disco had â€Å"soaring† vocals and a beat that made you want to dance- Rhythm often emphasized. It didn’t play a tempo to fast nor slow (between 100-130 bpm) and was made in the 1970’s. 4) The British Invasion is when British boy bands and their music started to become very popular in the United States of America. The Beatles were a large impact in this movement. They mixed many different kinds of music together which then caused others to do as well. The Beatles also sang about social issues while still incorporating catchy lyrics and rhythm. 5) A boy band usually consist of 3-6 younger male singers and they rarely use instruments. They also perform highly choreographed dance routines. And they all have their classifications ________________________________________ Critical Thinking Questions: 1) Yes I believe music is still used as a form of protest. There are still many songs where the sole purpose of lyrical is to protest some social issue. For example the band Nickelback sings many songs about coming together to help everyone. Like in their song â€Å"When We Stand Together†, a lyric that pops out is â€Å"when we could feed a starving world with what we  throw away. But all we serve are empty words that always taste the same.† While many of us know that there less fortunate people out in the world fighting to feed themselves, some take for granted that they have dinner every night. And Nickelback tried to write this song that confronted the issue that we all have to look out for one another. And there are plenty of other bands/singers that confront social and political issues. 2) Yes I believe music has become really commercialized today. Many artists are just singing for the money. Or there are some that just want to do it in order to be popular and gain their five seconds of fame. You can see this in their attitudes- caring more about the outfit they’re wearing or the car they get to show off instead of setting time aside to actually interact with their fans.

The Role And Function Of The Declaratory And Constitutive Theories International Law Essay

The Role And Function Of The Declaratory And Constitutive Theories International Law Essay State recognition is one of the most contested topics in the international law. This problem appears to come back on the international agenda and reopens the great debate with the recent unilateral declaration of independence pronounced by Kosovo in 2008. Further attention was gained in August 2008, when Russia and Nicaragua recognized the statehood of breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The issue of recognition is of immense importance as it usually confirms the states legal existence as well as allows the new entity full political interaction with existing entities. Legal personality indicates that the new entity is capable of possessing international rights and duties, and has the capacity to maintain its rights by bringing international claims.  [1]  Additionally, it acknowledges that a recognized state must obey standards and regulation posted by international law, which in turns secures stable and peaceful international order. State recognition is a subject of a disagreement between two schools; the one in favour of constitutive theory and the one in support of the declaratory theory of statehood.The latter does not require the recognition of other states as long as it has achieved the known required standards to be a person of international law. In contrast, the constitutive theory does require the recognition of a state as sovereign by other states to be a person of international law.  [2]  This essay will explain the role and function of the two theories and their applications in the international community, and attempt to access which one is more functional. Finally it will clarify the difference between the recognition of the state and the recognition of the government. It is commonly understood, the state arises as a legal and political entity when it achieves certain requirements. Criteria for statehood are defined in 1993 Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of State (MC).An entity must posses: a permanent population; a defined territory; a government; and a capacity to enter into relation with other countries  [3]  . Conflict already appears with the effective government requirement. For example Shaw claims that this is not a precondition for recognition as an independent state  [4]  In opposition, Dixon argues that condition of effective government must be first satisfied, before an entity can claim to be a state.  [5]  on the subject of the last condition, Crawford for instance, sees capacity to enter into relations with other states as an attribute of an entity which has already reached statehood.  [6]  In addition to the MC, there is also a very great argument that that self-determination should be given more importance than state recognition; according to Raic : Whether a new State is created as a result of devolution, integration, dissolution, or secession, it is submitted that, in principle, in all of these cases, self-determination forms the legitimizing princi ple for the creation of the new State.  [7]   Overall, the presented legal condition for statehood, alongside with political action and certain facts are the basis for the state recognition in the declaratory understanding. It can be deducted that the declaratory theory, is little more in accord with practical realities  [8]  , as is based on natural law with an objective system of law.  [9]  Additionally, the declaratory theory operates on notion of the sovereignty of the state and the associated weakness or non-existence of any central guiding in the international system.  [10]   Declaratory theory maintains that a new entity will obtain capacity in international law not by asset of the permission of other states but by acceptance of the realistic 10092954 situation, which was result of their own effort and political actions. Moreover new state will not have to wait for the procedure of recognition by others.  [11]  Lall and Khemchand argue that appearance of new state and becoming a new subject of international law are instantaneous processes. Becoming aware of that there is no reason for claiming that states become subjects of law only after they have been recognised.  [12]  Similar reasoning is presented in Article 3 of the MC: statehood is free of recognition by the existent states, and an entity can exist even if others dont recognize it.  [13]  In addition, Brownlie claims that, if an entity bears the marks of statehood, other states put themselves at risk legally, if they ignore the basics obligations of state relations  [14]   The Charter of the Organization of American States, speaking about the fundamental rights and duties of state also declares the state is independent of recognition by other states. Pointing out that even before the recognition, state has the right to protect its integrity and independence.  [15]   Undoubtedly, if state meets the conditions for statehood but is not internationally recognized, it has much more difficult position for operating in international system. Nevertheless, it would not seem in law to amount to a decisive argument against statehood itself  [16]   Another strong argument in favor of the declaratory theory is the fact that even though any state does not recognize a new entity, it cannot deny this country legal obligations and duties obligates by international law. Furthermore, it itself is obliged to pursue the rules of law when dealing with such a state. This is clear in relation to Israel- Arab 10092954 relations. Moreover, the recognition from the declaratory point can avoid laps in time, when state is suspended in the legal, political space, and shun illogicality of considering an entity as a state and non-state at the same time. Even though the concept of obtaining the fully legal statehood through achievement of certain conditions seems very simple and logical, it is not as straight forward from situation where all circumstances are not satisfied. Firstly, if the state is perceived as a state hence fulfilment of statehood requirements, declaratory theory must clearly define in legal terms what state is.  [17]  particularly now, when the era of colonies is over, as well peaceful disintegration of massive powers , the existence of the new state is the result of violent breakouts, wars. Fulfilment of basic criteria to become a person of international law is just simple and many other elements need to be considered; elements that are not clearly and fully defined. Secondly, a question arises if the statehood could be obtained when an emerging entity does not posse one of the conditions for statehood, for example territory? This was case of Greece, and Netherlands during II World War. Another instance is lack of effective government, as in the case of the Annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany in 1939.The situation can be further complicated when there are two governments: operating externally and acknowledged by international community and government within the state. The declaratory theory does not provide answers for those situations. Evidently then, state recognition is very important but is it enough to grant an emerging state a legal personality ? In 1912 Oppenheim famously concluded that: International Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it is not 10092954 recognized, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an International Person and a subject of International Law.  [18]   The constitutive theory maintains that it is the act of recognition that creates a new state and awards it with legal personality, not the process by which it actually gained independence. Lauterpacht claims that once the conditions prescribed by international law for statehood have been complied with, there is a duty on the part of existing states to grant recognition .  [19]  However, it must be emphasized that existing states have a full independence and discretion to either accept or reject a new state. This does not have to be supported with incident to conclude that is a very dangerous political tool. For example, the United States did not recognized the Peoples Republic of China and North Korea because they did not want to have any relations with those states. A further disadvantage of this approach, and possibly the most problematic, is the fact that unrecognized states are sustained in legal limbo. From the constitutive reasoning it follows that an unrecognized state does not posses any rights or obligations. This puts other states in danger as states outside the legal regime can act as they wish, without any legal consequences or jeopardy of being punished. Moreover, an interesting question arises what happens when an entity is recognized by one states but its legal position is denied by others. This creates confusion; moreover put forward a question of partial personality?  [20]   Nevertheless, the constitutive theory has some valuable points. For example, in cases when the state becomes exist as a result of unlawful actions such as violence, occupation or more likely the government through unconstitutional procedures, non recognition of such a state significantly questions the legal position of such an entity 10092954 and it is immensely harden to maintain a political existence.  [21]  Moreover, recognition of a new state by international community can increase the chances and, to some extent, cover defects in satisfying the criteria for statehood. Perhaps the safest and exact position when it comes to the constitutive theory has been expressed by Shaw who stated that recognition is constitutive in a political sense, for it marks the new entity out as a state within the international community and is evidence of acceptance of its new political status by the society of nations . This does not imply that the act of recognition is legally constitutive, because rights and duties do not arise as a result of the recognition.  [22]   Moving to the application of those two theories, it is believed that states and international community tend to apply declaratory position. German-Polish Mixed Arbitral Tribunal stated: the recognition of a State is not constitutive but merely declaratory. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) The state exists by itself and the recognition is nothing else than a declaration of this existence, recognized by the State from which it emanates  [23]  The International Court of Justice in the Genocide Convention case clarify that the failure to maintain effective control over territory does not extinguish the legal entity in the eyes of the United Nations.  [24]  Legal requirements for statehood and the declaratory position where further confirmed by Commission of Jurists on The Aaland Islands, appreciate the importance of the recognition of Finland by other states, but called for conditions required for the formation of a sovereign state  [25]   10092954 The case of Israel is disputed, but clearly, even if the Arab countries are rejecting to recognize it, Israel has legal personality and is bound by international law to follow and respect international system. Considering Israel through constitutive theory it would mean that Israel would not be protected and would not have the legal right to defend its territory. even though that the Arab community do not recognize Israel, still have to acknowledge Israel and their legal duties that flow from international treaties that all parties have signed.  [26]   Despite the fact that Constitutive theory has not been formalized in any treaty, it has some applications in the international cases. . The Permanent Court of International Justice, used the premises of the constitutive theory in the Lighthouses case where effectiveness was disregarded for the fiction of continued sovereignty of the Turkish Sultan .  [27]  A second instance was the Morocco case regarding the continued sovereignty of Morocco although under the French Protectorate.  [28]  . Recognition without completion of statehood requirements of territory, population and effective government are present in some cases of former Yugoslavia. Bosnia was unanimously acknowledged by the General Assembly to the UN on 22 May 1992  [29]  , despite that Bosnia was losing some of the basics of statehood conditions. . 10092954 The different between the recognition of state and the recognition of government: Governments recognition is an acceptance by the recognizing state that the system in question is the effective authority and such demonstrate the will to cooperate.  [30]  Government and state are two inseparable factors; recognition of a state automatically grants recognition to the government.  [31]  It is generally accepted that the legal personality of a state does not affect the change of the government within the state.  [32]   Recognition of a government can be de jure (legally recognised), or de facto (regardless of whether or not it has been legally recognised). Israel was recognized by the United States and the United Kingdom by the device of having its government recognized de facto.  [33]   There are many efforts can arise in time of war or revolution. Crawford argues that belligerent occupation does not affect the continuity of the State, even where there exists no government claiming to represent the occupied State  [34]  . Clearly then, recognition neither changes nor determines the legal personality of entity under the international law. This was confirmed in Tinoco case: non-recognition for any reasonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cannot outweigh the evidence disclosedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦as to the de facto character of Tinocos government, according to the standard set by international law  [35]  . When diplomatic relations with unrecognized government are suspended legal bindingness are still applicable. . 10092954 In conclusion, it is important to acknowledge the valuable elements and weaknesses of both theories. In addition, both have found application in the international political and legal scenario. The declaratory theory focuses on the international factual situation while the constitutive concentrates on the external legal rights and duties. As Worster said : Recognition alone does not create the internal factual situation of statehood, but may help to inspire such coalescence.  [36]  . Obviously neither theory is perfect. Because of that the international community leans to adopt the middle position and resolve the happening problems on individual bases by applying the most related element from both theories. It is Clearly that they are not mutually exclusive and on many circumstances confirmed that if they applied together ,it would allow an averting of complex legal questions regarding a new state and they are avoid political disorder. 10092954

The Role of Media on Middle Eastern Conflicts Essay example -- News Co

The Role of Media on Middle Eastern Conflicts 'By now, all of us realize that there is a high powered media campaign aimed at promoting the war on Iraq and shaping the views of the American people, relying on media-savvy political strategy to sell the administration's priorities and policies' 'Systematic sources of bias in TV coverage of international affairs not only distort information, but can also restrict citizens' awareness and options, and thereby produce more social control. The focus here is on the way TV news formats can limit, constrain, and distort information about terrorism.' The relationships between countries in the Middle East and with the West have never been ones of peace or tranquility, and in recent years these relationships seem to be headed in a downward spiral. Currently, there has been an increasingly intense clash between the citizens of all societies that is largely a reaction against what is perceived through the news media about the other society. While the general public goes about watching their favorite nightly news broadcasts, they are unaware that the very knowledge they hope will educate them about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the War in Iraq, is actually one of the primary factors leading to the strain between our two differing societies. This is largely the result of the way news coverage is produced and presented in the United States, the Middle East, and around the world. In the United States, there are many facets that determine how news about the Middle East is produced and presented. Ultimately, these news reports deter mine how the American people view Middle East societies and unfortunately, how they view people of Middle Eastern ethnicity within the United States.... ...s without the possibility of individual bias, people around the world cannot attain an accurate depiction and thus a truly educated understanding of world affairs. This lack of knowledge leads to a host of consequences, one of which is the violence that comes from those naà ¯ve to that which is different. As well, an increased sense of apathy toward government policies and our administrative leaders has enveloped our country because a majority of the American public is aware of the faulty nature of our media system. As a result of the multitude of structural problems that plague the media system, which include all of the examples presented here, people?s perceptions about the conflicts in the Middle East, both the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the war in Iraq, are skewed and are an inherent cause of the continued clashes resulting from misconceptions about others.